Economic Developments, 1855-94 Flashcards

1
Q

What reforms did Reutern bring into industry?

A
  • Boost economy.
  • Treasury reformed.
  • Tax farming abolished. Increased indirect taxation.
  • Banks extended.
  • Reduced import duties - increased trade.
  • Foreign investment encouraged.
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2
Q

What were the advantages of Reutern’s reforms?

A
  • Tax farmers invested elsewhere.
  • More opportunities.
  • Trade encouraged enterprise.
  • Expansion industrially. Oil extraction began. Coal mining set up.
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3
Q

What were the disadvantages of Reutern’s reforms?

A

Economy remained weak. Expenditure mainly on paying debts back. Emancipation Edict left peasants poor.

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4
Q

What reforms did Vyshnegradsky bring into industry?

A
  • Raised tariffs (1880s).
  • Prohibitive import tariff - encourage home production.
  • Helped iron industry.
  • Negotiated loans.
  • Increased indirect taxes.
  • Drive in exporting grain.
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5
Q

What were the advantages of Vyshnegradsky’s reforms?

A

Helped the iron industry, Developed industrial machinery. Grain exports increased - 18%. Russian budget in surplus.

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6
Q

What were the disadvantages of Vyshnegradsky’s reforms?

A

Grain drive at expense of peasants. Left with no grain reserves. Great famine 1891-92

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7
Q

What reforms did Witte bring into industry?

A
  • Protective tariffs.
  • Heavy taxation.
  • Forced exports.
  • Loans to fund mining, metal trades, oil and banking.
  • Encouraged workers from Britain, France and Germany.
  • Expansion of the railway.
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8
Q

What were the advantages of Witte’s reforms?

A

Russia’s rate of growth helped them become the 4th largest industrial economy by 1897. Increased Russian exports and foreign trade.

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9
Q

What were the changes to agriculture?

A
  • Emancipation failed to bring changes.
  • Peasants were poor.
  • Change hampered by high taxes and grain
    requisitions.
  • Yields were low.
  • Land banks - increased debt.
  • Development of Kulaks.
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10
Q

What were the positive changes in agriculture?

A

Overall production did increase.

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11
Q

What were the negative changes in agriculture?

A

Famine - revealed economic problems. Peasants were poor and didn’t have enough land. Backwards farming methods.

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12
Q

Between what years were Reuterns reforms?

A

1862 - 1887

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13
Q

Between what years were Vyshnegradskys reforms?

A

1887 - 1892

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