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BIOS 230 > ecology pt 2 > Flashcards

ecology pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

succession

A

gradual and directional change in community structure through time

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2
Q

describe

early successional species ( pioneer species)

A

high growth rates, small size, high degree of dispersal: r-strategists

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3
Q

late succesional species

A

lower rates of dispersal and colonization, slower per capita growth rate, larger, K- strategists

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4
Q

primary succession

A

occurs on a site previously unoccupied by a community

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5
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs on a previously occupied sites but after a disturbance

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6
Q

where does primary succession occur?

A

sites that have never supported a community

rocks, outcrops, cliffs, sand dunes

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7
Q

what are the most successful pioneering plants?

A

grasses

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8
Q

climax community

A

assemblage of characteristic plants that define an ecosystem

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9
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

species diversity is at its best when disturbance isn’t too constant or too rare

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10
Q

organismic concept of communities

A
  • transitions between communities are narrow
  • communities have few species in common
  • common evolutionary history and simialr fundamental responses and tolerances
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11
Q

individualistic/continuum concept of community

A
  • species associate bc of similairties in the tolerance
  • species do not cluster along enviornmental gradients
  • trasitions are gradual and difficult to identify
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12
Q

landscape

A

an area that is heterogenous in at least one factor of interest

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13
Q

habitat patches

A

relatively homogenous community types that differ from their surroundings in physical structure

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14
Q

fragmentation

A

when large patches of habitat are reudced to small isolated patches

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15
Q

what results in habitat fragmentation

A

human activity (amongst other things but mainly humans)

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16
Q

mosaic

A

landscape with different kinds of patches

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17
Q

edges

A

perimeters of each patch

dynamic and may change through time

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18
Q

types of patches

A
  • narrow and abrupt
  • wide with tranistion zone/ecotone
  • straight
  • concoluted
  • perforated
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19
Q

the edge effect

A

phenomenon where edge communites are often diverse

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19
Q

what are some possible problems with the edge effect?

A
  • attraction of more predators (ecological trap)
  • restricts dispersal
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20
Q

corridor

A

particular strips of landscape differing from adjacent land on both sides

  • incr. gene flow, promote reestablishment of locally extinct populations, incr. species diversity
  • may provide habitats
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21
Q

ecotone

A

transitional zone between two communities

ex: fencerows, forest to marshlands transitions, land-water interfaces,

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22
Q

characteristics of ecotones

A

vegtational sharpness, physiognomic change, occurrence of a spatial community mosaic, many exotics species, species richness higher or lower on either side of the ecotone

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23
Q

matrix

A

“background ecological system” of a landscape

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24
Q

connectvity

A

measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor, network, or matrix is

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25
Q

what is dispersal important for

A
  • gene flow
  • recolonialization of extinct habitat patches
  • shifting ranges in response to climate change
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26
Q

what is dispersal between habitat patches affected by

A
  • plants: seed size and dispersal vector (wind, animal, humans)
  • animals: dispersal behavior( vagility) and resitance of matrix
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27
Q

theory of island biogeography

A

number of species on an island represents a dynamic equilibrium between the immigration of new species and extinction of established ones

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28
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide, light energy and water -> oxygen and glucose

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29
Q

inputs and outputs of respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + energy

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30
Q

gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

total rate of photosynthesis or the energy assimilated by autotrophs

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31
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

rate of energy storage as organic matter after respiration

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32
Q

net primary productivity equation

A

NPP = GPP -R

net primary productity = gross primary producivty - respiration

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33
Q

standing crop biomass

A

amount of organic matter present at any given time

= mass of organic matter/area= g/m^2

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34
Q

transpiration

A
  • 90% of plant water use
  • allows plants to transport water and mineral nutrients from the soil to growth regions
  • exhalation of water vapor
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35
Q

evapotranspiration

A

loss of water from the soil both by evaporation and transpiration from the leaves

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36
Q

factors that influence productivity

A
  • disturbances (herbivory fire)
  • seasonal variations ( cold winter= lower productvity)
  • nitrogen availability incr. productivty
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37
Q

bioaccumulation

A

with each trophic level, molecules increase in concentration

DDT

38
Q

secondary productivity

A

energy put towards growth and reproduction

39
Q

how much energy is tranfered in a trophic level

A

10%

40
Q

decomposition

A

breakdown of chemical bonds of organic molecules

41
Q

nutrient cycle

A

movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter into the production of living matter

42
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that feed on dead organic matter or detritus

43
Q

detrius

A

non-living matter (feces + dead woods, animal tissue etc)

44
Q

mineralization

A

transformation of nutrients contained in organic compounds into inorganic forms

45
Q

net mineralization rate

A

difference between the rates of mineralization and what is used by the decomposers

46
Q

retranslocation/resorption

A

process of recyling nutrients within the plant

47
Q

main reservoir of hydrologic cycle

A

oceans (97%)

48
Q

aquifers

A

underground reserviors of water

49
Q

effects of human activities on the water cycle

A
  • withdrawing large amounts of freshwater
  • polluting
  • contributing to climate change
50
Q

where is majority of freshwater

A

glaciers

51
Q

what percentage of water is freshwater

A

2.5%

52
Q

where is most carbon on earth

A

buried in sedimentary rock, not actively involved

53
Q

where is the greatest accumulation of organic matter?

A

where decomposition is inhibited, frozen or waterlogged soils

54
Q

site of main exchange of carbon dioxide

A

surface water

55
Q

greenhouse gases

A

absorb thermal radiation- warms the earth’s surface and lower atmosphere

56
Q

FACE Experiment

A

long term experiment at Duke Experimental forest examining the effect of elevanted CO2

57
Q

what forms is nitrogen available to plants

A

ammonium nh4+ and nitrate no3

58
Q

Haber-Bosch process

A

making synthetic ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen, led to the green rev.

59
Q

what can excess nitrogen run off do

A

eutrophication

60
Q

eutrophication

A

stimulates algae blooms that deplete the water of oxygen

61
Q

how is atmospheric nitrogen fixated

A

symbiotic bacteria living with plants, cynobacteria
free living bacteria

62
Q

what is the largest species

A

Coleopterea (beetles)

63
Q

latitudinal gradient

A

increase in biodiversity from the poles to the tropics

largest factor is the greatest mean temp. at the equator compared to the poles

64
Q

biodiversity hotspots

A

region with a high level of endemic species that has experienced greaat habitat loss

65
Q

pleistoncene extinctions

A

11,000+ years ago many mammals went extinct in North america

human hunting caused/contributed to the extinction of many of the plesitocence large mammal

66
Q

hypotheses for species diversity & latitude

A
  1. spatial heterogeneity of the enviornment
  2. climate stability
  3. ecosystem productivity
67
Q

spatial heterogeneity of the enviornment

A

habitats with complex physical structures have more niches than habitats with simple physical structures

68
Q

hypotheses for species diversity

climate stability

A

seasonal stability- a constant enviornment can allow species to specialize

historical stability- tropical regions have not been glaciated and have had more time for speciation to occur

69
Q

hypotheses for species diversity and latitude

ecosystem productivity

A

greater productivity= greater diversity

70
Q

local (alpha) diverisity

A

species diversity of individual communities

71
Q

regional (gamma) diversity

A

total species diversity across all communities within a geographic area

72
Q

beta diversity

A

change in species diversity from one location to another

73
Q

causes of extinction

A

overkill, over harvesting
habitat loss
invasive species
climate change

74
Q

what happened to the passenger pigeon

A

exinct in 1914, from over hunting

75
Q

what is the overall greatest threat to biodiversity

A

deforestation

76
Q

example of introduced species turned invasive

A

zebra mussels- cover solld substrates and water intake pipes
asian carp were introduced by catfish farmers to remove alage

77
Q

what is the first species to be place on the endangered species list due to climate change

A

polar bear

78
Q

ecosystem services

A

services/goods that the enviornment provides to people

79
Q

kinds of ecosystem services

A

provisioning
regulating
cultural
supporting

80
Q

what did the brown tree snake do

A

eliminated a majority of native bird, lizard and bat species in guam

81
Q

white-nose syndrome

A

fungal pathogen that infects cave hibernating bats and threatens extinction

82
Q

CITES

A

treaty to protect endangered plants and animals

83
Q

endangered species act of 1973

A

provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats

cannot take listed animals

84
Q

population viabillity analysis (PVA)

A

species specific method of risk assessment frequency in conservation bio- determines the probabillity that a population will go extinct within a certain amount of years

85
Q

reintroduction

A

deliberate release of a species into the wild from captivity where the animal surrvives

86
Q

translocation

A

movement of wild caught animals from one natural location to anotther

87
Q

peregrine falcon

A

removed from endangered species list after a 30 year recovery program

88
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

considered the father of restoration ecology

89
Q

restoration

A

improves community composition and ecosystem functions to return to a site to as close a natural system as possible

90
Q

reclamation

A

inital goal is detoxification and terrain stabilization

91
Q

replacement

A

create a new community entirely different from the orginal, often to replace habitat destroyed nearby

92
Q

Bubbly Creek

A

reclamation- garbage pit for waste

BIOS 230 (4 decks)

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