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BIOS 230 > Ecology Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Ecology Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of the disttibution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine distribution and abundance

demonstrates how adaptations that arose by natural selection explain the distribution and abundance of organisms

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2
Q

biotic

A

living interactions

ex: spruce trees, mosses, understory later, bacteria, fungi, animals

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3
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving (physical and chemical) interactions

ex: nutrients, sunlight, water

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4
Q

hierarchy of ecological systems

A
  1. individual
  2. population
  3. community
  4. ecosystem
  5. landscape
  6. biome
  7. biosphere
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5
Q

ramet

A

clone

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6
Q

ganet

genet

A

genetically disinct individual

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7
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area

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8
Q

community

A

populations of different species interacting within an ecosystem

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9
Q

ecosystem

A

biotic and abiotic components

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10
Q

landscape

A

patchwork of communities and ecosystems

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11
Q

biome

A

geographic region with similar geological and climatic conditions

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12
Q

biosphere

A

thin layer surrounding the earth and supports all of life

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13
Q

characteristics of populations

A
  • abundance
  • density
  • dispersion
  • proportion of individuals of avarious ages and stages
  • birth death and movement of individuals
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14
Q

distribution of a species

A

described its spatial locations

there are different ways to describe this

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15
Q

influences of population distributions

A

occurence of suitable enviornmental conditions & interactions with other species

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16
Q

what is the broadest description of distribution?

A

geographic range

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17
Q

geographic range

A

area that encompasses all individuals of a species

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18
Q

crude density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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19
Q

dispersion

A

evenness of the population’s distribution through space

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20
Q

what are the three dispersion patterns?

A

random, uniform, aggregated (clumped)

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21
Q

random distribution

A

an individual’s position is independent of others

intermediate dispersion

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22
Q

uniform distribution

A

results from negative interaction among individuals

high dispersion

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23
Q

aggregated distribution

A

results from patchy resources, social groupings

low dispersion

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24
Q

abundance

A

number of individuals in the population and defines it size

can rarely be measured, use sampling instead

function of population density and the area over which the population is distributed

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25
Q

describe the geographic range of the whale shark

A

typically around the equator

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26
Q

describe the geographic range of orangutan

A

historically- SE Asia, southern China and Java
currently- Borneo and Sumatra

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27
Q

what can abundance estimates be skewed by

A

aggregated (clumped) distribution

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28
Q

different age classes

A

prereproductive
reproductive
postreproductive

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29
Q

what can cause range expansion

A

naturally through changes in climate or other enviornmental conditions

when humans introduce species to a region where they did not previously exist

examples-
shift in tree distributions after last ice age

humans bringing animals accidentally or intentionally

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30
Q

invasive species

A

non-native species that have been intentionally or accidentally introduced to a region

alter the balance of natural communities

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31
Q

aspects of demography

A

population growth
age structure
life tables

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32
Q

population growth

A

how the number of individuals in a population increases or decreases with time

individuals are added by birth and immigration
individuals removes by death and emigration

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33
Q

what kind of growth do all species have the potential for

A

exponential growth

the rate of increase is represented by “r”

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34
Q

when does arithmetical increase occur

A

when over a given interval of time, an unvarying number of new units are added to a population

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35
Q

when does exponential increase occur

A

when the number of new units added to a population is proportional to the number of units that exists

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36
Q

birthrate

A

number of individuals born as a PROPORTION of the TOTAL POPULATION

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37
Q

deathrate

A

number of individuals who die in a given time period of the total population

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38
Q

how is r calculated

A

r= birthrate- deathrate

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39
Q

what does it mean when r is less than 0

A

the population is shrinking

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40
Q

what does it mean if r is zero

A

zero population growth

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41
Q

what does the intrinsic rate of increase (r) measure

A

measure of a population’s potential for growth

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42
Q

equation for population growth

rate of change one

A

dN/dt=rN

this predicts the rate of population change through time

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43
Q

alternate equation for instanteous population growth

population growth equation

A

N(t)= N(0) e^rt

N(t)- population at time t
N(0) - population at time 0
e= 2.72
r - (b-d)
t= time

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44
Q

what is exponential growth rate characteristic of

A

population that inhabit favorable conditions at low population densities

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45
Q

what does population growth depend on (think population pyramids)

A

age structure - birth and death rates vary with the ages of individuals

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46
Q

life table

A

age specific account of mortality

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47
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals born in the same period of time

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48
Q

types of life tables

A

cohort/age-specific/dynamic

static/time-specific

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49
Q

cohort/age specific/dynamic life tables

A

data is collected by following a cohort throughout its life

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50
Q

static/time specific life tables

A

age distribution data is collected from a cross section of the population at one particular time

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51
Q

for life tables

x

A

age classes

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52
Q

for life tables

nx

A

number of individuals from the original cohorts that are alive at the specified age (x)

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53
Q

for life tables

lx

A

probability at birth of surrviving to any given age

n of whatever x/ n0

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54
Q

for life tables

dx

A

age specific mortality, the difference between the number of individuals alive for any age class (nx) and the next older age class (nx+1)

for example if x=1, dx would be calculated by

n1- n2= d1

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55
Q

for life tables

qx

A

age specific mortality rate, the number of individuals that died in a given time interval divided by the number alive at the beginning of that interval

for example if x=1

d1/n1= q1

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56
Q

how is life table data generally presented

A

mortality or survivorship curve vs age

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57
Q

what scale is lx plotted on

A

log scale ( stating from 0.01 to 1.0)

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58
Q

types of surrvivorship curves

A

type 1
type 2
type 3

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59
Q

type i survivorship curve

A

found in populations where they have long life spans, survival rate is high with heavy mortality at the end

ex: humans, other mammals and some plants K-strategists

small amount of offspring at a time but have high parental care

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60
Q

type ii survivorship curve

A

survival rates do not vary with age

ex: adult birds, rodents, reptiles, perennial plants

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61
Q

type iii survivorship curve

A

mortality rates are extremely high in early life

ex: fish, many invertebrates, and plants

typically have lots of offspring

r strategists

little to no parental care

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62
Q

how can population size be estimated

A

N= (A/a) * n

N= estimated population size
A= total study are
a= the area of the quadrat
n= number of organisms per quadrat

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63
Q

k-selected species population size

A

flucuates within narrow range around carrying capacity

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64
Q

k selected species type of population growth

A

density dependent- larger the population, stronger the factors limiting growth such as food and disease

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65
Q

k selected species reproductive rates

A

lower, and there is parental investment in the offspring

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66
Q

k-strategists habitat

A

relatively stable

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67
Q

describe k strategist life history

A

delayed and repeated reproduction, larger body size, slower development, produce few young

may have parental care

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68
Q

r-selected species population size

A

limited by reproductive rate

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69
Q

r selected species type of population growth

A

density independent popualtion growth, physical forces (frost, temperature, rain) more important than biologicals forces

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70
Q

r selected species reproductive rates

A

high, little investment in care of offspring

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71
Q

r-strategists habitat

A

unstable/unpredictable environments that can cause catastrophic mortality

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72
Q

r-strategists life history

A

short lived, high reproductive rates, rapid development, small body size, large number of offspring, resources rarely limiting , may have long dispersal distances

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73
Q

what is c-s-r triangle theory used for

A

plants

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74
Q

csr triangle theory

R

A

ruderal: plants to rapidly colonize disturbed sites and reproduce quickly

wide seed dispersal, small and short lived

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75
Q

csr triangle theory

C

A

competitive: favored by predictable habitats with abundant resources - maximize resouirce acquisition and resource control

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76
Q

csr theory

S

A

stress tolerant: allocate resources to maintenance in resources

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77
Q

life history characteristics

A
  1. mode of reproduction
  2. age at reproduction
  3. allocation of resrouces to reproduction
  4. time of reproduction
  5. number and suze of offspring produced
  6. parental care
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78
Q

how would an organism maximize fitness

A

reproduce a soon as possible, continously, and large numbers of large offspring that it would nuture and protect

not actually possible, there are trade offs that need to be made

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79
Q

typical relationship between body size of an organism vs. the number of young produced

A

production of offspring incr. with size

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80
Q

reproductive effort

A

time and energy put towards reproduction

the more energy that is put towards reproduction less for other aspects such as growth, maintenace, foraging etc.

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81
Q

trade off

early reproduction

A

early maturity, less growth, reduced survivorship, reduced potential for later reproduction

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82
Q

trade off

late reproduction

A

incr. growth, later maturity, incr. survivorship, less time for reproduction

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83
Q

semelparity

A

mode of reproduction in which an organism uses all its energy in a suicidal act of reproduction

ex. most invertabrates, some fish (salmon) many annual and biennial plants, bamboo

84
Q

iteroparity

A

mode of reproduction in which an organism produces fewer young at one time and repreats reproduction throughout its lifetime

ex: vertebrates, perennial plants, shrubs, and trees

85
Q

relationship between number of offspring and parental investment?

A

inverse

86
Q

altricial young

A

born or hatched in a helpless condition and require considerable parental care

mice

87
Q

precocial young

A

emerge from egg or womb ready to move and forage

ungulate mammals

88
Q

what happens to popuation size when resources are unlimited

A

growth will be exponential

89
Q

what model is used to model the relaity of limited resources

A

logistic growth model

90
Q

intraspecific competition

A

members of the same species compete fofr limited resources

91
Q

density dependent effects

A

influence a population in proportion to its size

92
Q

what happens when population density increases

A

mortality rate increases ( density dependent mortality)
the fecundity rate decreases ( density depended fecundity)
or both

93
Q

equation for logistic model of population growth

A

dN/dt= rN (1-N/K)

94
Q

K

A

carrying capacity

95
Q

logistic model

when is the rate of population growth the greatest

A

inflection point: N=K/2

96
Q

scramble competition

A

when growth and reproduction are depressed equally across individuals

97
Q

what can scramble competition cause

A

local extinction

98
Q

contest competition

A

when some individuals claim enough resources while denying others a share

99
Q

what happens to a population during contest competition

A

fraction of the population may suffer, sustained by those who access resources

100
Q

exploitation competition

A

when individuals indirectly interact with one another but affect the availability of shared resources

depletion of shared resource

ex: herbivores on african savannas

101
Q

interference competition

A

results when individuals directly interact and precent others from occupying a habitat or accessing resources

bird nesting sites

102
Q

self thinning

A

progressive decline in density and increasein growth of remaining individuals

103
Q

what is self thinning caused by

A

density dependent mortality and individual growth

104
Q

home range

A

area that an animal normally uses during a year

105
Q

home range size varies with

A
  • food resource availability
  • mode of food gathering
  • metabolic needs
  • body size
  • sex
  • age
106
Q

density independent factors

A

factors that influence population growth but are unrelated to population density

107
Q

examples of density independent factors

A
  • temperature
  • precipitation
  • natural disasters
108
Q

similarity and difference of density dependent and density independent

A

both can change the number of individuals in a population but only density dependent factors will regulate population size

109
Q

neutral species interaction response

A

0/0

110
Q

mutualism species response

A

+/+

111
Q

commensalism species response

A

+/0

112
Q

competition species response

A

-/-

113
Q

amensalism species response

A

-/0

114
Q

predation species response

A

+/-

115
Q

parasitism species response

A

+/-

116
Q

parasatoidism species response

A

+/-

117
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between difference speciies due to overlapping distributions and ecological niches

affects the populations of two or more species adversely

118
Q

ecological niche

A

range of physical and chemical conditions under a species can persist

119
Q

fundamental niche

A

the ecological niche of a species in the absence of ineractions with other species

120
Q

realized niche

A

ecological niche as modified by its interactions with other species in the community

121
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

if two competitors try to occupy the same realized niche, one species will eliminate the other

122
Q

niche partitioning / resource partitioning

A

two species divide a limiting resource suchas light food supply or habitat

123
Q

what does it do

lotka-voleterra competition model

A

modified logistic growth by adding a term to account for the competitive effect of one species on the population growth of the other

124
Q

lotka-volterra competition model equation

there are two, one for each species

A

species 1: dN1/dt= r1N1(K1-N1-aN2/K1)

species 1: dN2/dt=r1N1(K1-N1-bN1/K2)

in the absence of interspecific competition, a and b and N1, N2 being 0 the population grows logisitcally

125
Q

lotka-volterra competition model

describe the four situations that can result

A

1 and 2: the winner species inhibits the growth of the loser (goes extinct) more than it inhibits it own growth
3: both species inhibit the growth of the other species more than its own growth, winner species is the one with the higher population
4: each species inhibits its own population growth more than the other species: populations coexist

126
Q

lotka-volterra compeition model

what happens when the isoclines of the species are parallel

A

one species is always the superior competitor

127
Q

lotka-volterra model

what happens if the isocline of species 1 falls outside the isocline of species 2

A

species 1 always wins

128
Q

character displacement

A

shift in feeding niche that affects morrphology, behavior or physiology

ex: birds

129
Q

predation

A

consumption of one living organism by another

130
Q

simple categories of heterotrophic organism

A

carnivore, omnivore, herbivore

131
Q

function classifications of predators

A
  • true predator
  • grazer/browse
  • seed predator/plantivore
  • parasite
  • parasitoid
132
Q

true predator

A

kills it prey immediately upon capture, consumes multiple prey organisms and functions as a agent of mortality on prey populations

133
Q

grazers/browsers (herbivores)

most of them

A

consume only part of the plant and typically don’t kill it

134
Q

parasites

A

feed on the prey organism while it is still alive and is generally not lethal in the short term

135
Q

parasitoids

A

lay eggs onthe host and when the eggs hatch the larvae feed on the host slowly killing it

136
Q

lotka-volterra model predator equation

A

dNpred/dt= b(cNpreyNpred)-dNpred

dNpred/dt = population growth of predators

b(cNpreyNpred)= birth rate which is a function of the amount of prey that is captured

dNpred= mortallity rate

137
Q

lotka-voleterra model prey equation

A

dNprey/dt= rNprey - cNpreyNpred

dNprey/dt= population growth of prey
rNprey = expoenential growth rate of prey
cNpreyNpred= mortality term, predation rate x the number of predators

138
Q

how are the lotka-volterra predator prey populations a density dependent regulator of the other

A

predators act as a source of regulation of the mortality of the prey population

prey acts as a soruce of regulation on the birthrate of the predator population

139
Q

what are additional factors that influence predator-prey interactions

A
  • cover or refuges for the prey
  • difficulty of locating prey as it lessens
  • choice among multiple prey species
  • coevolution
140
Q

predator’s

functional response

A

the relationship between the per capita rate of consumption and the number of prey

the greater the numeber of prey the more the predator eat

141
Q

type i functional response

A
  • as # of prey incr. predators eat more of them
  • characteristic of passive predators (spides filter feeders)
  • linear relationship between number of prey and the per capita rate of predation
142
Q

type ii functional response

A
  • predation apporaches as an asymptote
  • prey mortality rate clines with increasing prey density
  • the per capita rate of predation incr. in a decelerating fashion up to a max rate that is attained at some high prey density
143
Q

type iii functional response

A
  • the rate at which prey are consumed is initally low, increasing as the rate of predation reaches a max.
  • predator may prefer more abundant prey
  • inital rate of prey portality incr. with prey density of declines as a rate of predation reaches max
  • can potentially regulate a prey pop.
144
Q

availabillity of cover

A

suscpetibility of prey individuals will incr. as the population grows and hiding places become filled

145
Q

search image

A

abillity of a predator to recognize a prey species will incr. as the prey pop. incr.

146
Q

prey switching

A

act of a predator turning to a more abundant (but less prefered) alternate prey

147
Q

what does the prey zero isocline show

A

prey numbers dont grow when the number of predators is equal to the ration of the preys intrinsic rate of incr. and the x the ffiency of predation

predator numbers don’t grown the when number of prey is equal to the ratio of the predator’s death rate

148
Q

aggregative response

A

movement of predators into an area of high prey density

149
Q

predator defenses

A

wide range of characteristics to avoid being detects, selected, and captured by predators

ex: chemical, cryptic coloration, warning coloration, protective armor, behavioral defense

150
Q

chemical defense

A
  • widespread
  • odorous secretion repel predators ( arthopods and amphibians)
  • storage or synthesis of toxins and poisons ( arthopods and snakes)
151
Q

cryptic coloration

A

colors and patterns that allow prey to blend into the background

152
Q

batesian mimicry

A

occurs when an edible species mimics the inedible species

153
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

very similar color pattern shared by many unpalatable or venomous species

154
Q

protecive armor

A

-shells quills

155
Q

microparasites

A

characterized by small size and a short generation time

viruses, bacteria, protozoans

156
Q

macroparasites

A

relatively large with a longer generation time and usually involve intermediate hosts and carriers

inverabrates(flatworms, licks lice) anf fungi- rusts

157
Q

hemiparasitic plants

A

take nourishment from the host plant but also photsynthesizes itself

158
Q

holoparasitic plants

A

nonphotosynthestic, completely dependent on host

159
Q

ectoparasites

A

live on the host’s skin within feathers and hair

160
Q

endoparasites

A

live within the host ( bloodstream, gills, mouth)

161
Q

direct transmission of a parasite

A

can occur by direct contact with a carrier

can be dispersed through air, water, or other substrate

162
Q

definitive host

A

organism that hosts adult parasite

163
Q

intermediate host

A

hosts a juvenile parasite

164
Q

hosts response to invasions

A
  • behavioral defense mechanisms ( grooming or preening)
  • inflammatory response
165
Q

commensalism

A

relation between two species in which one species benefits without signifigantly affecting the other

166
Q

mutualism

A

relationship that is beneficial to both species

167
Q

lotka-volterra model of mutualism equations

A

species 1: dN1/dt= r1n1(k1-N1 + a21N2/K1)

species 2: dN2/dt= r2N2(K2-N2+a12N1/K2)

a21 - per capita effect of an individual of species 2 on species 1

a12- per capita effect of an individual speces 1 on species 2

168
Q

attributes of a community

A
  • number of species
  • relative abundance of species
  • nature of species interactions
  • physical structure
169
Q

species richeness (S)

A

count of number of species occuring within the community

170
Q

relative abundance

A

represents the percentage each species contributes to the total number of individuals of all species

171
Q

rank abundance diagram

A

plotting the relative abundance of each species against rank

172
Q

species eveness

A

indicates the distribution of species eveness

173
Q

simpson’s index (D)

A

sum of alll squared relative abundances for all species

Take sum of these ((ni/N)^2)

emphasizes eveness

ni = number of individuals for species i

N= tot. number of individuals of all species

174
Q

what does D range between and what does that mean

A

ranges between 0 and 1

approaches 0 as both species richness and evenness incr.

175
Q

Shannon (Shannon-Weiner) index

A

H= sum (pi)(lnpi)

emphasizes richness

pi = proportion of species i

in absence of diversity H=0

hmax= when all species are present in equal numbers

176
Q

ecological zonation

A

change in the physical and biological structure of the community as one moves across the landscape

177
Q

ecological succession

A

changes in community structre in one position as time passes

178
Q

ecological dominants

A

few species that are abundant in a given area

often plants

179
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose absence from a community would bring about signifigant change in that community

top predators or ecosystem engineers

180
Q

sea otters

A
  • keystone predator
  • eat sea urchins which helps to maintain kelp beds
181
Q

piaster

A
  • sea stars
  • top predator
  • when removed from the intertidal zone the number of other species was reduced
182
Q

gray wolves

A
  • when removed from the yellowston population, elk populations exploded, leading to overgrazing
  • this lead to bank instabillity
183
Q

obligate mutualism

A

one organism cannot surrvive without the other

**relationship betweeen reef forming corals and zooanthellae algae:coral cannot make enough energy and algae provides that and gains protection **

184
Q

facultative mutualism

A

each organism can survive independently but it benefits both to remain together

goby fish and shrimp: shrimp warns fish of danger

185
Q

hollow curve

A

most species are rare and relatively few are abundant

186
Q

food web

link

A

arrows from one species to another and indicate flow of energy

187
Q

food web

basal species

A

feed on no other species but are fed upon others

188
Q

food web

inermediate species

A

feed on other species and they themselves are prey

189
Q

food web

top predator

A

prey on intermediate and basal species

190
Q

trophic levels

A

broader categories that represent the general feedign groups

191
Q

autotrophs

A

primary producers

192
Q

heterotrophs

A

secondary producers

193
Q

what happens to the amount of energy flowing into a trophic level with each next level

A

decreases, only ~ 10 % of biomass in a given trophic level is is converted to biomass at the necxt level

194
Q

keystone predation

A

predator enhance one or more inferior competitors by reducing the abundance of superior compeitors

195
Q

indirect effects

A

occur when one species doesn’t interact with a second species direcrly but instead influences a third species that does directly interact with the second

196
Q

apparent compeition

A

occurs when a single species of predators feeds on two prey species

197
Q

bottom up control

A

structure of food chains and food webs is controlled by the productivity and abundance of populations in the trophic level belwo

198
Q

top down control

A

the predator populations control the abundance of prey species and the prey of the prey etc.

199
Q

trophic cascade

A

triggered by the addition of remevol of a top predator and lots of changes happening in food web

200
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

has a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, but can turn parasitic if the enviornment is nutrient rich

201
Q

maccarthur’s warblers

A

display resource partitioning on tree

202
Q

colorado bumblbees

A

different species canbe best adapted to specfic forms of a resource, different bumblebees adapted to specifc species of plant with different corolla size

203
Q

monarch butterflies and milkweed

A

population trends of monarch butterflies may reflect availabillity of milkweed plants

204
Q

wild cat species of the middle east

A

general relatioship between size of canine teeth and prey species selected

205
Q

tadpoles at high densities

A
  • slower growth
  • required longer time to complete metamorphosis
  • smaller at transformation
  • less successful
    density dependent growth

BIOS 230 (4 decks)

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