Ecology COPY

Question 1

Atmosphere

Answer 1

Layer of gases surrounding Earth

Question 2

Lithosphere

Answer 2

Earth’s solid outer layer

Question 3

Hydrosphere

Answer 3

All water on, above, below Earth’s surface

Question 4

Biotic

Answer 4

All living components

Insects, bears, micro-organisms

Question 5

Abiotic

Answer 5

All non-living components

Temperature, Wind, Water, Minerals, Air

Question 6

Photosynthesis

Answer 6

Water + CO —> Oxygen + Glucose

Question 7

Cellular Respiration

Answer 7

Oxygen + Glucose ———> Water + CO

Question 8

Food Chain

Answer 8

Chemical energy stored in producers passes through consumers

Food chain shows how energy passes through ecosystem

Question 9

Water Cycle

Answer 9

Liquid water evapourates, forming water vapour moves through atmosphere.
Vapour condenses returning back to Earth as rain, snow, or hail.
Lands on lakes, rivers, oceans
Enters soil and groundwater
Water taken in by plant roots may be released from leaves in transpiration process

Question 10

Carbon Cycle

Answer 10

Mostly occurs between carbon dioxide, photosynthesizing plants, micro-organisms

Most of Carbon not recycled, stored in carbon-rich deposits: fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

Question 11

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 11

Removed from atmosphere by soil micro-organisms undergoing nitrogen fixation and returned to atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria

Question 12

Carry Capacity

Answer 12

Demand for resources increase as population increases

Factors result in reaching upper sustainable limit ecosystem can support

Question 13

Limiting Factors Affecting Carrying Capacity

Answer 13

Predators & Diseases
Irrigation
Species Loss
Introduction to new species

Question 14

Terrestrial Ecosystem Human Impacts

Answer 14

Light: Clear-cutting, fire

Water: Damming rivers, draining swamps/marshes

Soil: Farming practices

Temperature: Global Warming

Question 15

Aquatic Ecosystems Human Impacts

Answer 15

Acidity: Acidic air pollution, Carbon dioxide emissions

Salinity: Salting highways and long-term irrigation practices

Light: Activities that increase erosion/stir up bottom

Soil: Nutrient runoff from agriculture & urban environments

Temperature: Industries & power plants

Question 16

How limiting water affects population in aquatic ecosystems

Answer 16

Shallow waters nears shore are nutrient rich and support abundant life. Without those nutrients, it can’t support as much. Organisms extremely sensitive to water temperature, acidity, pollution

Question 17

5 Products Derived from Environment

Answer 17

Maple Syrup
Henna, Indigo
Latex and chicle
Waxes
Digitalis

Question 18

Importance of Biodiversity

Answer 18

Richer the diversity of life, greater opportunities

Planet’s most valuable source, can’t be restored once lost

Question 19

Effects of Invasive Species: Ecological

Answer 19

Compete with/feed on native species, leading to population decline or distinction

Change ecosystem dynamics altering nutrient cycles & energy flow

Question 20

Effects of Invasive Species: Economic

Answer 20

Damage to forests & agricultural crops causes financial losses

Competition w/ invasive species lowers crop yields

Diseases & pests may destroy livestock & crops, kill trees, and harm important species

Question 21

Effects of Invasive Species: Tourism

Answer 21

Species loss & reduced water quality have negative impacts on wildlife viewing, fishing, water-based recreation

Waterways can become choked w/ invasive aquatic plants -impassable to boats

Question 22

Effects of Invasive Species: Health

Answer 22

Disease-causing organisms lead to death

Pesticides used to control invasive species cause pollution and are health risks

Question 23

Controlling Invasive Species: Mechanical Control

Answer 23

Controlled with physical carriers or removal

Invasive plants - cut down, burned, removed by hand

Invasive animals - hunted or trapped

Barriers constructed to protect wetlands, chambers sorted so only native species can enter.

Question 24

Invasive Species Effects on Local Ecosystems: Brown Tree Snake

Answer 24

Pacific Island of Guam, accidental introduction around 1950

Caused extinction of 9 of Guam’s 12 forest birds and half of lizard species

Question 25

Invasive Species Effects on Local Ecosystems: Kudzu

Answer 25

Eastern US, intentionally introduced as forage crop and for erosion control Rapidly spreading vine that kills native trees by shading them

Question 26

Bioremediation

Answer 26

Use of micro-organisms to consume/break down environmental pollutants Some capable of feeding on oil Sciences currently studying ways to speed up rate at which bacteria can break down the oil Use of inorganic nutrients help

Question 27

Engineered Ecosystem Vs. Natural Ecosystem: Engineered

Answer 27

Very limited number of species interact Most cycles are directly altered by humans More uniform abiotic features, lower biodiversity

Question 28

Engineered Ecosystem Vs. Natural Ecosystem: Natural

Answer 28

Many species interact Greater biodiversity, maintaining natural cycles Sustain themselves over thousands of years

Question 29

How engineered ecosystems affect flow of nutrients & water

Answer 29

Natural ecosystems replaced with land uses to support modern lifestyle due to population increase using tools Humans able to drastically alter environment Humans not able to change basic relationships between them and environment To live sustainably, biotic and abiotic conditions needed to survive can't be disrupted Threatens biodiversity, alters climate patterns

Question 30

Bioaccumulation

Answer 30

Concentration of a substance such as, pesticides in the body of an organism

Question 31

How pesticides flow through food chain

Answer 31

BIOACCUMULATION Some pesticides aren't broken down/eliminated with other body wastes If individual continues to eat food contaminated with the pesticide, it'll accumulate in body

Question 32

DDT

Answer 32

Bioaccumulates up food chain Reduced spread of malaria from mosquitoes, but caused chain reaction Killed wasps, Killed cockroaches, later consumed by lizards damaging their nervous system making them easier preys for cats Declination of predatory birds due to bioaccumulation in their bodies, interfered with calcium metabolism, female's ability to produce strong egg shells

Question 33

Controlling Invasive Species: Chemical Control

Answer 33

Use of pesticides Mostly used on forest & agricultural pests because trees & crops have significant economic value. Pesticides dramatically reduce crop damage however, it may kill non-target native species and cause pollution

Question 34

Factors Affecting Terrestrial Ecosystem Sustainability

Answer 34

``` Size Proximity Connectedness Integrity Number ```

Question 35

Factors Affecting Aquatic Ecosystem Sustainability

Answer 35

Replacing natural vegetation : habitat destruction, shoreline erosion Commercial fishing Draining wetlands for urban expansion & agriculture : loss of wetland habitats & associated species

Question 36

Biosphere

Answer 36

Describes locations in which life can exist within the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.