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mcrb 265 > ecology, biogeochemistry, industrial micro > Flashcards

ecology, biogeochemistry, industrial micro Flashcards

1
Q

doubling time of microbes

A

30 min

-> fast evolution, diversification.

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2
Q

physical environment

A

influences interactions of microorganisms with each other

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3
Q

microenvironment

A

specific physical location of microorganism = can be interface btw 2 environments
- impacted by fluxes of nutrients + diffusion rates of waste products

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4
Q

Niche

A 
function of organism in complex system
- adaptation to particular location
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5
Q

ppopulations

A

consist of cells of same species

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6
Q

guilds

A

one or more metabolically related population

= same function

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7
Q

abiotic constraints

A 
moisture
temp
pH
redox potential
salinity
light
pressure
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8
Q

tolerance limits

A

optimal range
zone of physiological stress (low habitation)
zone of intolerance ( species absent)

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9
Q

bacterial species?

A

hard to define because species based on interbreeding + fertile offspring. but prokaryotes reproduce clonally, not sexually.

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10
Q

using polyphasic taxonomy

A

to classify species

- use combinations of genotypic AND phenotypic markers

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11
Q

what is exclusionary principle?

A

each niche is occupied by only one species

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12
Q

microbial ecology

A

environmental samples continue to reveal novel bacteria from phylum to species levels

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13
Q

diversity in bacteria

A

less in physiology than in genomes.

metabolism restricted to periodic table

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14
Q

species richness
species evenness:
species composition:
species dominance:

A

R: total number of species
E: relative abundance of species
C: which species are present
D: the most abundant species

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15
Q

potential niche

A

the niche that the organism could theoretically occupy

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16
Q

realized niche:

A

niche that the organism actually occupies

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17
Q

why are potential + realized niche not the same

A

competitive exclusion = only one species occupies a niche, but resource partitioning = niche can be divided to form narrower niche

functional redundancy = same potential niche, diff realized niche - organisms lost when outcompeted unique

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18
Q

negative and positive interactions btw growth rate + popln density

A

growth rate increases as population density increases = tapers at a point = positive

negative: popln increases, growth rate decreases due to competition

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19
Q

overall population density considering both +/- interactions

A

low popln density, low growth rate, dont have enough individuals for +interaction.

high density = low growth rate. more interactions of negative interactions. intermediate = highest growth rate.

20
Q

resistance vs resilience

A

resistance: disturbance has little to no effect. survival.
resilience: after disturbance, recovery is high.

21
Q

what are biofilms

A

organized microbial systems attached to surfaces

  • enclosed by adhesive extracellular matrix
  • creates multiple microenvironments
22
Q

benefits of biofilms

A

intercell communication, easy access to resources as water + nutrients float by.

23
Q

how actiera attach?

A

1 pilliattach = body turns off most genes

2. make polysaccharides + other things to attach to other bacteria + surface.

24
Q

microbial mats

A

thick biofilms have macroscopic dimensions

  • layered, each layer is a guild
  • aquatic environments: when extreme, separate into layers.
25
Q

soil habitat

A

most microbes in microcolonies

  • attach to soil particles
  • most grow near plant roots due to high level of nutrients
  • water limitation is greatest stress (either too much or too little)
26
Q

chemical distribution and biosignatures.

A
  • through layers of water, different amounts of elements = diff organisms at each level, once one chemical is used move to next one.
27
Q

two characteristics of chemical dstn and biosignatures?

A
  1. amount of energy available from chemical reactions

2. chemical constraints

28
Q

lake michigan chemical dstn/biosignature

A
  • high O2 at top of sediment btw water/sediment interface = aerobic respiration + organic matter.

O2 depletes, No3- used. fixed so used quickly. as NO3- fixed, NO2- increases

sulfate increase once NO2- decreases.

metals: better e- acceptors. needs to dissolve to be used - tricky to do

methane + CO2 in system = aerobic, fermenters, methanogens.

ammonia in deeper waters = degrade organic matter.

29
Q

black sea chemical dstn/biosignature

A 
aerobic @O2
Nitrogen-fixers @ high NO3-
Mn/Fe reducing bacteria where high MN++ and FE++
NH4+ = ammonia oxidizers
sulfate = sulfate oxidizers.
30
Q

biogeochemical cyclins

A

biological + chemical processes
-ox-redox reactions that change chemical and physical characteristic of nutrients
= all nutrient cycles are linked

31
Q

carbon cycle

A

lin O2 and C.

  • photosynthesis produces O2 and removes CO2
  • respiration removes O2 (aerobic) and produces CO2 (re-mineralizes)
  • anaerobic resp + fermentation = diff form of C
    methanotrophy from fermentation = oxidized to CO2.
32
Q

aerobic carbon use

A

organic C + O2 => CO2 of other forms of oxidized products ( H2O, NO3-)

organic C = reduce to oxidize C H2, NH4, H2S, CO2 = chemoheterotrophs

chemo autotrophs use reduced compounds to oxidize them

33
Q

anaerobic carbon use

A

organic matter - use other oxidant, to oxidize organic matter to CO2.
methanogens use CO2 anaerobically to produce methane

34
Q

what is syntrophy

A

“eating together”

- all dependent on each other. one produces food for the next.

35
Q

3 strains of methanobacterium omelianskii

A

S = unfavourable reaction energetically
MoH - favourable + spontaneous reaction
-co-culture of the 2: net reaction is favourable. so S can grow.
S is obligate syntrobe bc interspecies H transfer.

36
Q

link between N cycle + C cycle = photosynthesis

A

high Organic C = more N2 fixation. less OC = less N2 fixation - negative feedback from N2.
high nitrate.ammonia = drive photosynthesis for more fixed carbon

37
Q

microbial N cycle

A

Nitrogen fixation: N2 -> NH3 -> NH2OH: nitrification-> NO2 -> NO : denitrification -> N2) -> N2

oxidation: NH2OH -> NO
Anammox NO2 -> NH3
assimilation: No2 -> N2 or NH3 -> N2

38
Q

Reactive Nitrogen

A 
NO: vasodilator, free radical + destroy ozone layer
N2O: greenhouse gas
NO2: potent carcinogen
NO3-: major water pollutant
NO2: smog
39
Q

N fixation

A

reduce N2 -> ammonia
prokaryotes only
- mass expenditure of energy, e-, and anaerobic enviro.
- aerobes + anaerobes

40
Q

nitrification process

A

aerobic
ammonia oxidizers (reverse electron flow)
nitrite oxidizers
=N2O

41
Q

anammox process

A

anaerobic ammonia oxidation

  • produce N2 from ammonia + nitrite
  • in membrane-bound organelle, intermediate it super reactive.
42
Q

denitrification

A

anaerobic
heterotrophic (Ocarb + N-oxide (oxidant)
- lots of bacteria do this
release N2O to atmosphere

43
Q

iron and manganese processes

A

two oxidation states each
- reduction of them in anoxic enviro = mobilize metal into soluble, oxidized form.

  • lowpH, common in coal-mining, results in acid mine drainage
44
Q

meta cycle

A

oxidized form can percipitate out + sink to bottom.
-can utilize metal a lot before precipitates out.
not re-oxidized easily. ocean marine system uses sulfate to interact with metal + percipitatte itout

45
Q

what is acid mine drainage

A

dig mine site, pyrite precipitates + turns to sediment. when aerosolized, converted to Fe3+ = sulfide oxidized to sulfate (Hso4- = acidic)

mcrb 265 (14 decks)

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