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bio 152 > ecology 2 (population ecology) > Flashcards

ecology 2 (population ecology) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

population

A

individuals of one species simultaneously occupying the same general area, utilizing the same resources and influenced by similar environmental factors

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2
Q

population ecology

A

study of how biotic and abiotic factors influence density, distribution, abundance and age structure of populations

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3
Q

density of population

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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4
Q

dispersion of population

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of population

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5
Q

what factors influence population size

A

birth, death, immigration, emigration

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6
Q

patterns of dispersion (estimate population size)

A

random dispersion, clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion

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7
Q

Mark recapture technique

A

technique used to estimate the size of a population when it’s not practical to count every individual

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8
Q

mark recapture technique equation

A

N = (M * C)/R
N= number of individuals population (estimation)
M = number of markered individuals
C = number of captured individuals (marked and unmarked)
R= number of recaptured individuals (captured individuals marked)

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9
Q

mark and capture technique assumptions

A
  • birth, deaths, immigration, and emigration equal rates
    -short time between capture and recapture
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10
Q

exponential growth of population

A

the number of individuals added over increment of time is proportional to the size of the population at the start of that time interval

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11
Q

what does exponential growth of population take into account

A

births/death rates

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12
Q

exponential growth of population assumptions

A

-continuous reproduction
-immigration and emigration are equal
-identical individuals (in terms of reproduction)
-constant environment

**unlimited resources (including space)

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13
Q

equation for change in size of population over time

A

dN/dt = r * N

r=intrinsic rate of change; individual reproduction rate
N = population size at beginning of time increment

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14
Q

what variable impacts exponential growth of population

A

r (reproduction on individual bases)

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15
Q

when do populations grow exponentially

A
  • organisms protected from predation
    -invasive species introduced
    -rebounding from massive population crash
    -new adaptation that improves how they cope with their environment
    -population growth rates are density independent
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16
Q

what does the assumption that populations are density independent mean

A

assuming infinite space available

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17
Q

density-dependent

A

logistic growth model; environment has carrying capacity and finite resources

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18
Q

key difference between logistic and exponential population growth

A

exponential: unlimited resources
logistic: limited resources

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19
Q

differdnce between B D and b d

A

B = birth rate
D= death rate
b= birth rate per capita
d = death rate per capita

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20
Q

what is N

A

population size

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21
Q

life history strategy

A

the way an organism allocates its energy and resources throughout its life, balancing between growth, survival, and reproduction

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22
Q

r-selected species

A

lots of offspring with not much parental care-> few survive
-unstable environment
-external fertilization

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23
Q

K-selected species

A

few offspring with lots of parental care
-stable environment
-internal fertilization

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24
Q

metapopulation

A

patches of individuals connected by occasional movements between patches

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25
Q

sink populations

A

ow-quality habitat where the population would decline without immigration from the source population

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26
Q

source population

A

high-quality habitat where the population increases; provides for sink population

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27
Q

decline of which kind of population would impact the metapopulation more

A

source population decline

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28
Q

cooridors

A

help increase immigration rates and rescue isolated patches in metapopulations

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29
Q

what will an optimal life history do

A

maximize fitness

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30
Q

what factors impact life history

A
  • natural selection
  • environmental conditions
  • reproductive trade offs
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31
Q

trade offs: reproducing more offspring effect on the patent

A

higher mortality

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32
Q

trade offs: when do parents produce most offspring

A
  • bigger
    -older
    -better at coping with environment
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33
Q

4 types of population age structures

A

stable, shrinking, slow growth and rapid growth

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34
Q

human reproductive age

A

15-65

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35
Q

demographic transition

A

model that describes the historical shift in birth and death rates as a country or region progresses through economic development, education, and technological advancement

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36
Q

demographic transition steps

A

1) b and d rates high; pop. equilibrium
2) sanitation increase so d rates decrease; increase pop
3) more opportunities for women, b rate drops; decrease pop
4)b and d rates low; stable pop

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37
Q

ecological footprint

A

a metric that measures how much of the Earth’s resources and services a person, population, or the entire planet demands

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38
Q

foraging

A

the process by which an organism actively searches for and acquires food sources, including locating, capturing, and consuming nutrients

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39
Q

profit

A

the ratio of the energy gained from a food item to the time (benefit) and energy it takes to obtain it (cost); cost: benefit ratio

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40
Q

searching time

A

time predators spend hunting/ planning how to get food

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41
Q

handling time

A

time predators spend handling/ getting ready to eat their food

42
Q

monogamy

A

a mating system where a male and female pair bond

43
Q

polygyny

A

a mating system where a single male mates with multiple females
*female cares for young
*sexual dimorphism

44
Q

polyandry

A

a reproductive strategy where a female mates with more than one male
*male cares for young
*larger female

45
Q

sexual selection

A

mechanism of evolution where organisms of one sex choose mates from the other sex

46
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

he distinct physical differences in appearance between males and females of the same species

47
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

a behavioral strategy where an organism acts in a way that benefits another organism, with the expectation that the other organism will act similarly in the future

48
Q

kin selection

A

a form of natural selection where an organism behaves in a way that benefits the reproductive success of its close relatives, even if it comes at a cost to its own survival and reproduction, essentially promoting the spread of shared genes within a population

49
Q

coefficient of relatedness

A

r; proportion of alleles likely to be shared with certain relative
ex. siblings r=0,5, cousins r=0.125

50
Q

Eusociality

A

the most extreme form of altruism where workers (females) hlp a queen raise offspring

51
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

rB>C
r = coefficient of relatedness
b = benefit
c= cost
altruistic cost benefit analysis

52
Q

most common type of polygomy

A

polygyny: 1 male with many females

53
Q

intersexual selection

A

member of opp. sex chooses mate based on charactistics

54
Q

intrasexual selection

A

members of one sex compete for partners

55
Q

agonistic behaviors

A

male-male conflict/ competition for mate: fighting or ritualized sparring
*usually produces larger males as the winners (larger) get to reproduce

56
Q

alternative male strategies; different morphs of males

A

1) large dominant male who guards female/ fights males
2) males that mimic females to sneak in
3) very small males that sneak in while big males fight

57
Q

haplodiploidy

A

females are diploid and males are haploid;
* sisters are either 0.5 or 1 related
*offspring 0.5 related to mother

58
Q

many eyes hypothesis

A

bigger groups/ more likely a predator will be spotted

59
Q

selfish herd hypothesis

A

being in the center of a group minimizes individual danger

60
Q

predator prey population size relationship

A

population sizes fluctuate together

61
Q

mate guarding hypothesis

A

males protect females from being fertilized by other males; monogamy

62
Q

male assistance hypothesis

A

male helps female raise offspring; monogamy

63
Q

female enforced monogamy

A

female interferes with male mating with anyone else so there are more resources for her and her offspring; monogamy

64
Q

resource based polygamy

A

patchy resource distribution leads to females visiting patches for resrouces

65
Q

harem mating structure

A

females congregate in a male controlled area -> 1 male many females

66
Q

communal courting/Lekking

A

a mating ritual where males gather in a display area to attract females for mating

67
Q

competition

A

a biological interaction that occurs when organisms or species compete for a limited resource, such as food, water, or territory

68
Q

intraspecific

A

ecological interactions that happen between individuals of the same species

69
Q

interspecific

A

interactions that occur between two or more different species in an ecological community

70
Q

competitive exclusion

A

the principle that two species with identical niches (competing for the exact same limited resources) cannot coexist indefinitely

71
Q

limiting resource

A

specific environmental factor, like food, water, space, or nutrients, that is present in such a limited quantity that it restricts the growth and population size of an organism within an ecosystem

72
Q

resource partitioning

A

the division of limited resources among different species within a habitat, allowing them to coexist by avoiding direct competition for the same resources

73
Q

character displacement

A

selective pressure favors character traits that give a greater efficiency in using realized niche; similar species develop different traits to reduce competition for resources and mates in the same environment

74
Q

predation

A

antagonistic interactions

75
Q

deceptive markings

A

color patterns or other features that help organisms avoid predators or prey (camouflage, mimicry, eyespots)

76
Q

cryptic coloration

A

a defense mechanism that organisms use to hide their appearance and blend in with their surroundings

77
Q

aposematic coloration

A

use bright colors or patterns to signal to predators that they are dangerous, poisonous, or otherwise unpalatable

78
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a biological phenomenon where a harmless organism mimics the appearance or behavior of a dangerous or toxic organism to avoid predators (mimic is not toxic)

79
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

multiple species that are well-defended and have similar predators mimic each other’s warning signals (both species toxic)

80
Q

herbivory

A

the act of animals eating plant parts, such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, or seeds

81
Q

plant defense mechanisms

A

-masting (some years produce lots of seeds and other years no production)
-structural defense
-chemical defense

82
Q

secondary compounds

A

toxic chemicals plants produce that reduce herbivory

83
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism

84
Q

mutualism

A

a symbiotic relationship between two or more species where both organisms benefit from their interaction

85
Q

commensalism

A

a long-term biological interaction in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.

86
Q

dominant species

A

most abundant species in either numbers of biomass in the biome (usually biome named after them)

87
Q

keystone species

A

control distribution/ abundance of predator but not most abundant themselves
*node in interaction network

88
Q

ecosystem engineer

A

cause physical/chemical changes in the environment that affects other species
ex. beavers building dams

89
Q

trophic interactions

A

the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, and how energy and nutrients flow between them

90
Q

food web

A

complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem

91
Q

interaction web

A

he complex network of relationships between different species within an ecosystem. (predation, competition, mutualism interactions, etc)

92
Q

interaction strength

A

measure of the effect of one species on the population size of another species
*removal experiment
*not all trophic interactions equally as important

93
Q

disturbance

A

removes species, biomass, individuals, and/or resources from environment

94
Q

disturbance regime

A

the cumulative effect of short-term disturbance events that occur over time and space

95
Q

succession

A

the process by which natural communities replace each other/ re develop over time

96
Q

primary succession

A

occurs when no soil exists when succession begins

97
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs when soil/preexisting vegetation is present when succession begins

98
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species represented in an ecological community

99
Q

species evenness

A

a measure of how similar the abundance of each species is in a community (relative ratios of species)

100
Q

why do small ground fires that maintain habitats turn into large fires over time

A

oak savanna biome (open understories) turn into forest -> spread fire to canopy -> kills trees

101
Q

2 ways to study succession

A
  • look at the same area over time
    -look at different areas in different stages of succession
102
Q

how do disturbances effect diversity

A
  • create opportunities for new species to colonize an area
    -prevent dominant species from completely taking over
    -higher species richness

*disturbances occur at an “intermediate” level of frequency and intensity

bio 152 (7 decks)

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