ecology 2 (population ecology)

Question 1

population

Answer 1

individuals of one species simultaneously occupying the same general area, utilizing the same resources and influenced by similar environmental factors

Question 2

population ecology

Answer 2

study of how biotic and abiotic factors influence density, distribution, abundance and age structure of populations

Question 3

density of population

Answer 3

number of individuals per unit area or volume

Question 4

dispersion of population

Answer 4

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of population

Question 5

what factors influence population size

Answer 5

birth, death, immigration, emigration

Question 6

patterns of dispersion (estimate population size)

Answer 6

random dispersion, clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion

Question 7

Mark recapture technique

Answer 7

technique used to estimate the size of a population when it’s not practical to count every individual

Question 8

mark recapture technique equation

Answer 8

N = (M * C)/R
N= number of individuals population (estimation)
M = number of markered individuals
C = number of captured individuals (marked and unmarked)
R= number of recaptured individuals (captured individuals marked)

Question 9

mark and capture technique assumptions

Answer 9

• birth, deaths, immigration, and emigration equal rates
  -short time between capture and recapture

Question 10

exponential growth of population

Answer 10

the number of individuals added over increment of time is proportional to the size of the population at the start of that time interval

Question 11

what does exponential growth of population take into account

Answer 11

births/death rates

Question 12

exponential growth of population assumptions

Answer 12

-continuous reproduction
-immigration and emigration are equal
-identical individuals (in terms of reproduction)
-constant environment

**unlimited resources (including space)

Question 13

equation for change in size of population over time

Answer 13

dN/dt = r * N

r=intrinsic rate of change; individual reproduction rate
N = population size at beginning of time increment

Question 14

what variable impacts exponential growth of population

Answer 14

r (reproduction on individual bases)

Question 15

when do populations grow exponentially

Answer 15

• organisms protected from predation
  -invasive species introduced
  -rebounding from massive population crash
  -new adaptation that improves how they cope with their environment
  -population growth rates are density independent

Question 16

what does the assumption that populations are density independent mean

Answer 16

assuming infinite space available

Question 17

density-dependent

Answer 17

logistic growth model; environment has carrying capacity and finite resources

Question 18

key difference between logistic and exponential population growth

Answer 18

exponential: unlimited resources
logistic: limited resources

Question 19

differdnce between B D and b d

Answer 19

B = birth rate
D= death rate
b= birth rate per capita
d = death rate per capita

Question 20

what is N

Answer 20

population size

Question 21

life history strategy

Answer 21

the way an organism allocates its energy and resources throughout its life, balancing between growth, survival, and reproduction

Question 22

r-selected species

Answer 22

lots of offspring with not much parental care-> few survive
-unstable environment
-external fertilization

Question 23

K-selected species

Answer 23

few offspring with lots of parental care
-stable environment
-internal fertilization

Question 24

metapopulation

Answer 24

patches of individuals connected by occasional movements between patches

Question 25

sink populations

Answer 25

ow-quality habitat where the population would decline without immigration from the source population

Question 26

source population

Answer 26

high-quality habitat where the population increases; provides for sink population

Question 27

decline of which kind of population would impact the metapopulation more

Answer 27

source population decline

Question 28

cooridors

Answer 28

help increase immigration rates and rescue isolated patches in metapopulations

Question 29

what will an optimal life history do

Answer 29

maximize fitness

Question 30

what factors impact life history

Answer 30

• natural selection
• environmental conditions
• reproductive trade offs

Question 31

trade offs: reproducing more offspring effect on the patent

Answer 31

higher mortality

Question 32

trade offs: when do parents produce most offspring

Answer 32

• bigger
  -older
  -better at coping with environment

Question 33

4 types of population age structures

Answer 33

stable, shrinking, slow growth and rapid growth

Question 34

human reproductive age

Answer 34

15-65

Question 35

demographic transition

Answer 35

model that describes the historical shift in birth and death rates as a country or region progresses through economic development, education, and technological advancement

Question 36

demographic transition steps

Answer 36

1) b and d rates high; pop. equilibrium
2) sanitation increase so d rates decrease; increase pop
3) more opportunities for women, b rate drops; decrease pop
4)b and d rates low; stable pop

Question 37

ecological footprint

Answer 37

a metric that measures how much of the Earth’s resources and services a person, population, or the entire planet demands