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bio 152 > ecology 1 (climate patterns, biomes, abiotic factors) > Flashcards

ecology 1 (climate patterns, biomes, abiotic factors) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organismal ecology

A

how organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challanges.

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2
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in an area

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3
Q

community

A

group of populations of different species in an area

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

organisms and the abiotic/biotic factors they interact with; energy flow and chemical cycling with various biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystem

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5
Q

landscape

A

a mosaic of connected ecosystems; factors generate patterns of ecosystems in a geographic region

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6
Q

biosphere

A

global ecosystem; sum of all of the plants ecosystems

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7
Q

ecology

A

the study of interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment.

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8
Q

natural history

A

he observational study of organisms and their environment, focusing on describing and understanding living things in their natural state through direct observation rather than controlled experiments

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9
Q

conservation biology

A

the study of how to protect the Earth’s biodiversity and ecosystems from the effects of human activity and extinction

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10
Q

environment

A

the sum of all external factors, including both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components, that influence an organism or a population

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11
Q

dispersal

A
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12
Q

behavior

A
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13
Q

habitat selection

A
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14
Q

biolotc factors

A

living factors in an enviorment

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15
Q

abiotic factors

A

non living factors in an environment

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16
Q

climate

A

the long-term average weather conditions of a particular region

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17
Q

weather

A

the short-term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place

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18
Q

biome

A

large geographical region characterized by distinct climate, vegetation, and animal life

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19
Q

rain shadow

A

obstacle/ mountain range forces prevailing winds upward -> air cools as it fills low pressure area -> produces rain

result: as air drops to other side of mountain it is warm -> dry environment

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20
Q

windward

A

side of the mountain facing the prevailing wind

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21
Q

leeward

A

side of the mountain that is sheltered from the prevailing wind

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22
Q

aspect

A

the factors that describe the environment, organisms, and ecological factors in a specific location (ex. biodiversity)

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23
Q

climograph

A

a graphic representation of the relation of two climatic elements

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24
Q

wind

A

air moving from high pressure -> low pressure

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25
Q

hadley cell

A

a global atmospheric circulation system that moves air in a convection cell pattern; warm air rises and cool air falls

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26
Q

low and high pressure locations on earth

A

low pressure: equator
high pressure: 30 degrees N and S of equator
*air moves towards the equator (high->low)

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27
Q

Coriolis effect

A

causes surface winds moving towards the equator to curve
northern hemisphere: curve right
southern hemisphere: curve left

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28
Q

how do equatorial winds travel

A

east to west

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29
Q

ocean circulation

A

equatorial winds blow warm surface water away from west coast of continents -> replaces by cold nutrient rich deep sea water

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30
Q

Primary Production

A

amount of biomass of photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms per unit volume/area

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31
Q

why is it dryer in the west 30 degree band than in the east (north america)

A

warm air from golf rises -> rain over eastern north america

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32
Q

min and max angle of sunlight in Madison

A

Min: 24 degrees
Max: 70 degrees
*due to latitude

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33
Q

why is the sunlight more intense on the equator

A

direct sunlight from sun (90 degree angle)

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34
Q

earths axis as it moves around the sun

A

the tilt stays unchanged; each hemisphere tilted towards sun for respective summer periods

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35
Q

precipitation and pressure: tropics

A

low pressure and abundance precipitations in all seasons

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36
Q

precipitation and pressure: between tropics and temperate

A

temperate
winter wet summer dry
high pressure dry at all seasons (30)
summer wet winter dry
tropics

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37
Q

precipitation and pressure: temperate zone

A

low pressure and ample precipitation in all seasons (~60 degrees)

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38
Q

precipitation and pressure: polar zone

A

high pressure and low precipitation in all seasons

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39
Q

Ocean Ecosystem Patterns

A

high primary production and chlorophyll a near edge of continents

40
Q

Biomes

A

major associations of species that occupy geographic regions of land or water

41
Q

how are biomes defined

A

by a major species, structure (what’s available in the environment), and annual cycles

42
Q

abiotic constraints of biomes

A

temperature, moisture, chemistry, light, seasonality, disturbance regimes

43
Q

are terrestrial or aquatic biomes more often/easily categorized by dominant species and seasonal conditions

A

terrestrial!
*aquatic biomes categorized by dominant growth forms (depth, flow, salinity)

44
Q

what conditions on earth are there no biomes

A

wet and cold environments

45
Q

what do abiotic factors impact in biomes

A

biodiversity and productivity

46
Q

how does temperature impact biomes

A

effects rate of biological processes (low temperature slows things down/freeze cell; high temp denatures enzymes)
-range limits for species that can live in specific environment

47
Q

range limit of species

A

the range of temperatures (in this case) that a species can withstand that is based on its most critical stage of life

48
Q

impact of temperature on coral reef biome

A

reside in warm water; temp effect rate of deposition of carbonate skeletons
*water too hot: expel symbiotic algae -> coral bleaching

49
Q

what are there places in predictable high temperature areas that do not exhibit high temperature

A

increased elevation -> low pressure -> low temp in these areas
xex. andes mountain range

50
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the combined process of evaporation of water from the catchment surface and transpiration of water through plants, resulting in water loss to the atmosphere.

51
Q

slope

A

The steepness of a surface, or the rate of change in elevation between a location and its surroundings. Slope is measured in degrees or as a percentage

52
Q

aspect

A

The direction of the steepest slope, measured clockwise in degrees from 0 to 360. 0 is north-facing, 90 is east-facing, 180 is south-facing, and 270 is west-facing; suns energy go to one side of slope -> impact biome

53
Q

how does moisture impact biomes

A
  • evapotranspiration rate
    -vegetation patterns
    -slope and aspect
    ??????
54
Q

how does wind influence biome

A

-increases heat loss by evapotranspiration and convection (wind chill)
-flagging
?????

55
Q

How does water density and movement impact biomes

A

-water pressure intensifies i deep water
*adaptation: more fluid lipid membrane in deep ocean
-wind intensifies waves
*seaweed with holdfast to withstand currents and species burrowing

56
Q

how does light intensity impact biomes

A

-water absorbs light; more photosynthesis at surface
*Red algae have pigments that
absorb blue-green light, so they
can live in deeper water
*Understory forest plants
sometimes have red pigments in
lower leaf surfaces

57
Q

photic zone

A

depth that light penetrates

58
Q

aphotic zone

A

where light does not penetrate

59
Q

problems with too much light exposure (desert biomes)

A

-increase plant and animal stress
-too much UV light can damage DNA and proteins (At high elevation,)

60
Q

how does rock and soil makeup impact biomes

A

-mineral composition
-water holding capacity
-nutrient availability
-chemicals present
-physical structure
-fire occurrences???

61
Q

main abiotic physical factors that impact biomes

A

temperature, moisture, wind, light, soil structure, fire
*(water density and movement aquatic biomes)

62
Q

Aspect: What side of a mountain gets most direct sunlight in both hemispheres

A

northern: south side
southern: north side

63
Q

which side of a mountain has more evapotrasnpiration

A

the side with more direct sunlight
northern hem: south side
southern hem: north side

64
Q

what side of the mountain has more trees/ moisture

A

side with less direct sunlight

65
Q

chemical abiotic factors that influence biomes

A

water availability, oxygen availability, salinity, pH

66
Q

water availability: biomes

A
  • direct constraint: organisms need different amounts of water which dictates where they can live

-indirect constraint: vegetation needs water to grow which dictates what/how many organisms scan live there (food source)

67
Q

oxygen availability: biomes

A

different amount of oxygen needed for different organisms
*adaptations: increase diffusion of oxygen to roots

68
Q

salinity: animal biomes

A
  • freshwater fish: gain water and constantly eliminate water
    -marine fish: gain water and excrete salt (adapted to salty environment)
69
Q

salinity: plant biomes

A

evaporation increased can cause increase in salt concentrationh

70
Q

halophytes

A

plants with higher salt concentration; have special salt glands that excrete salt

71
Q

pH: terrestrial biomes

A

-low soil pH slows decomposition, slows N cycle, leaches Ca2+ from soil
-higher pH -> high species diversity

72
Q

pH: aquatic biomes

A

-species diversity lower at lower pH (acidic)
-acidity increases solubility of toxic metals

73
Q

Acid rain + its consequences

A

release of protons into rain making pka ~5
-kills leaves and juvenile fish
-depletes soil nutrients

74
Q

what causes acid rain

A

burning fossil fuels (SO2 and NO2)

75
Q

niche

A

range of conditions necessary for a species to persist and the ecological role/interactions of the species with its environment and other species

76
Q

is a niche referring to abiotic or biotic factors in the species enviornment

A

both!

77
Q

fundamental niche

A

the full range of environmental conditions where a species could potentially live and thrive in the absence of competition

78
Q

realized niche

A

the actual niche a species occupies in a given environment, taking into account interactions with other species, like competition

79
Q

dispersal

A

he movement of individual organisms away from their birthplace to a new location where they can establish and reproduce; where species are where they are

80
Q

the equilibrium theory of island biogeography

A

relationship/balance between the number of species and the rate of immigration and extinction on islands

81
Q

how does the rate of arrival of new species relate to the number of species already on the island?

A

rate of arrival of NEW species goes down because there are already many species

82
Q

species area relationship

A

more species on bigger islands

83
Q

species isolation relationship

A

fewer species on more isolated islands

84
Q

species turnover

A

number of species stays the same but the particular species present are changing; immigration and extinction equilibrium

85
Q

immigration and extinction rate on larger islands

A

higher immigration rate and lower extinction rate -> larger number of species

86
Q

niche behavioral defintion

A

sum of all niches of individuals in a species; from all life stages, seasons and cohorts

87
Q

cohorts

A

set of individuals of roughly the same age

88
Q

why is the overall migrational patterns of species changing when birds migrate at the same time as they did every year prior

A

new cohort migrates at a different time due to climate change -> shifts overall average of whole species

89
Q

aspects of variation in a species

A

-individual variation
-variation of different life stages
-variation in population
-variation of individuals in cohorts

90
Q

why is there extreme seasonality in the middle of continents

A

land heats faster than water and water holds heat longer than land

91
Q

lake turnover

A

the seasonal mixing of a lake’s water column, where the warmer, less dense surface water sinks to the bottom, while the cooler, denser bottom water rises to the top

92
Q

seasonality

A

difference in conditions between seasons

93
Q

what part of continents have most extreme seasonalityand why

A

middle of continents; land heats faster than water and water retains heat faster than land -> coasts more stabilized temperature and middle land more up and down

94
Q

how do lakes impact seasonality

A

moderates temperature in the winter and keeps temp more consistent in the summer

95
Q

continentality

A

climate in land areas far from oceans with larger temperature ranges and moderate precipitation

bio 152 (6 decks)

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