Ecology

Question 1

Herbivory

Answer 1

those who eat plants

Question 2

Predation

Answer 2

those who eat their prey

Question 3

Parasitism

Answer 3

parasites that benefit from their host

Question 4

Pathogenicity

Answer 4

microorganism, such as virus, capable of causing disease to its host

Question 5

Mutualism

Answer 5

when both parties benefit from each other

Question 6

Intraspecific competition

Answer 6

interactions, relationships that occur between the same species. Cooperation, competition

Question 7

Interspecific competition

Answer 7

relationship, interaction between different species within an ecosystem

Question 8

Carrying capacity

Answer 8

the maximum number of individuals of a species that an area can support

Question 9

top-down control

Answer 9

the ecological control of a population by predation or other factors that act from higher trophic levels. F.e. marine fish populations is controlled by predation from top predators

Question 10

bottom-up control

Answer 10

regulation of a population by factors originating from lower trophic level, such as availability of resources.

Question 11

Matter

Answer 11

Anything that occupies space and has mass. F.e. nutritiens, gases. Essential for the functioning of living organisms

Question 12

Energy

Answer 12

ability to perform work or cause change. It is required for biological processes such as growth, reproduction

Question 13

Open system + example

Answer 13

Allows both energy and matter to be exchanged with its surroundings. Tropical rainforests, grasslands

Question 14

Closed system + example

Answer 14

allows for the exchange of energy with the surrounding environments but restricts the flow of matter. Energy can enter and exit, matter stays. Hairdryes, earth

Question 15

Isolated systems

Answer 15

Neither energy nor matter are exchanged with the surroundings.

Question 16

Food webs

Answer 16

models that consist of many interconnected food chains

Question 17

I. heterotroph and autotroph

Answer 17

heterotroph - organism that eats other plats or animals for energy and nutritients.
autotroph - organism that can produce its own food using light, water, co2 or other chemicals

Question 18

II. Producer

Answer 18

organism that make their own food

Question 19

II. Consumer

Answer 19

organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed

Question 20

II. Detritivore

Answer 20

a heterotroph, organism that consume dead or decaying organic matter, to obtain energy and nutrition. F.e. earthworms, seaz cucumbers

Question 21

II. Saprotroph

Answer 21

heterotrophs that obtain organic nutritients from dead ogrniams by external ingestion. F.e. fungi, mushrooms, bacteria

Question 22

III. photosynthetic

Answer 22

does photosynthesisI

Question 23

III. primary consumer

Answer 23

eats plants and provides energy for other consumers

Question 24

III. secondary consumer

Answer 24

eats primary consumer

Question 25

III. tertiary consumer

Answer 25

eats secondary consumer

Question 26

III. decomposer

Answer 26

break down dead organic matter into simpler substances. Bacteria, fungi

Question 27

why is there energy loss and how much percent

Answer 27

90% lost to metabolic heat, are not digestible

Question 28

primary production

Answer 28

rate at which producers accumulate carbon compounds in their biomass

Question 29

carbon cycle

Answer 29

the process that moves carbon between plants animals microbes in the earth and the atmosphere

Question 30

what molecules are involved in carbon cycle

Answer 30

carbon dioxide, methane and glucose

Question 31

what happens when co2 reacts with water

Answer 31

it produces carbonic acis which produces hydrogen ions.

Question 32

carbon sink

Answer 32

a reservoir which absorbs more carbon than it releases. plants, soil

Question 33

Stability of an ecosystem

Answer 33

the ability to maintain its structure and function over time, despite challenges and disturbances

Question 34

Stable ecosystems examples

Answer 34

tropical rainforests, coral reefs, boreal forests, sonoran desert

Question 35

Factors affecting stability of an ecosystem

Answer 35

Supply of energy - without a steady sypple, ecosystems would collapse Recycling of nutrients - helps to maintain the diversity of an ecosystem Biodiversity - ensures that there are enough to fulfill various ecological roles, which creates a resilient ecosystem

Question 36

tipping point

Answer 36

the threshold of a change that results in a significant ad often irreversable change in an ecosystems structure, function or composition

Question 37

Transpiration

Answer 37

trees absorb water from the ground with their roots and release water from theirs leaves as water vapour

Question 38

Percentage change=

Answer 38

(final amount-initial amount):(initial amount)*100%

Question 39

Mesocosm

Answer 39

enclosed environments that allows a small part of a natural environment to be observed under controlled conditions (small world in a jar)

Question 40

Keystone species + examples

Answer 40

they have alarge impact on their ecosystem, the absence affect stability of ecosystem. Yellowstone wolves, elephants, parrotfish, starfish, beaver

Question 41

Sustainability

Answer 41

refers to the practice of cultivating and producing agricultural products in a manner that preserves and enchances the long-term environmental, social and ecoomic well-being of farming systems

Question 42

soil erosion

Answer 42

the denudation or wearing away of the upper layer of soil (Gediminas castle)

Question 43

Eutrophication

Answer 43

a process by which water bodies become enriched with excessive nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants.

Question 44

Carbon footprint

Answer 44

the amount of carbon dioxide release dinto the atmosphere because of the activities of an individual

Question 45

Leaching

Answer 45

the loss of water-soluble nutrities from the soil

Question 46

what leads to eutrophication

Answer 46

use of agricultural fertilizers, industrial waste products, sewage, waste water from industry

Question 47

Consequences of eutrophication

Answer 47

kills fish, excessive aquatic plant growth, the algan blooms can completely black out sunlight, imbalance in aquatic ecosystems

Question 48

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Answer 48

how much oxygen is in the water

Question 49

Biochemical oxygen demand when eutrophication

Answer 49

goes lower

Question 50

Biomagnification

Answer 50

happens whem toxic chemicals whose remains in the environment are consumed indirectly by organisms through food. WHen organisms in higher food chain consumes the lower organism containing such chemical

Question 51

Bioaccumulation

Answer 51

the gradual buildup of chemical substances in the tissues of organisms over time. When the pollutant stays in ur body and how you get more and more

Question 52

Microplastics

Answer 52

plastics smaller than 5mm

Question 53

Macroplastics

Answer 53

bigger than 5mm

Question 54

Impact of microplastics

Answer 54

cause harm to wildlife as they mistake it for food