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Biology SL DP1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

the first form of life on Earth. The smallest of all organisms. DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS.

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2
Q

Cell wall description (prokaryotic)

A

a rigid, external layer made of peptidoglycan or pseudopeptidoglycan

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3
Q

Plasma membrane (prokaryotic)

A

a lipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

Name all the parts of the prokaryotic cell (8)

A

cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, nucleoid, plasmid

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5
Q

Cell wall function (prokaryotic)

A

maintains cell’s shape, protects the cell interior, prevents the cell from bursting when it takes up water

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6
Q

Plasma membrane function (prokaryotic)

A

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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7
Q

Cytoplasm description (prokaryotic)

A

everything found inside the plasma membrane

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8
Q

Cytoplasm function (prokaryotic)

A

to house and maintain an optimal environment for the cellular organelles

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9
Q

Pili description (prokaryotic)

A

short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells

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10
Q

Pili function (prokaryotic)

A

mostly to attach to surfaces

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11
Q

Flagella description (prokaryotic)

A

helically shaped structures containing the protein flagellin

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12
Q

Flagella function (prokaryotic)

A

cell movement

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13
Q

Ribosomes description (prokaryotic)

A

70s

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14
Q

ribosomes function (prokaryotic)

A

produce protein

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15
Q

nucleoid description (prokaryotic)

A

the area of a prokaryotic cell in which the chromosomal dna is located

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16
Q

nucleoid function (prokaryotic)

A

the region regulates the growth, reproduction and function

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17
Q

Plasmid desription (prokaryotic)

A

small rings of double-strand extra-chromosomal DNA

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18
Q

Plasmid function (prokaryotic)

A

permit the production of large quantities of a given plasmid bacteria

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

has a nucleus

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20
Q

All parts of the eukaryotic cell (14 LOL)

A

cell wall, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough ER, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondrion, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplast (plants only), plastids, vacoules, centrioles, undulipodia

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21
Q

Cell wall description (eukaryotic)

A

can be made of wide range of materials

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22
Q

cell wall function (eukaryotic)

A

protects the cell, provides structural support, gives shape to the cell

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23
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum description (eukaryotic)

A

an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells

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24
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function (eukaryotic)

A

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids

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25
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum description (eukaryotic)

A

organelle composed of many folds of tissues and channels

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26
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function (eukaryotic)

A

synthesis of proteins

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27
Q

lysosome description (eukaryotic)

A

contains about 50 different degradative enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, DNA, RNA, polysaccharides and lipids

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28
Q

lysosome function (eukaryotic)

A

digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, microorganisms

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29
Q

golgi apparatus description (eukaryotic)

A

a series of stacked membranes that are located within the cytoplasm

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30
Q

golgi apparatus function (eukaryotic)

A

a factory in which proteins are received from the ER, are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane or secretion

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31
Q

ribosomes description (eukaryotic)

A

80S

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32
Q

Ribosomes function (eukaryotic)

A

production of proteins (synthesis)

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33
Q

Mitochondrion description (eukaryotic)

A

double-membraned organelle that contains its own ribosomes and DNA

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34
Q

Mitochondrion function (eukaryotic)

A

generation of metabolic energy

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35
Q

Nucleus description (eukaryotic)

A

a structure that holds the DNA in eukaryotic cells. Bound by two membranes

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36
Q

Nucleus function (eukaryotic)

A

protects DNA. Separates the DNA from the rest of the cell and keeps it safe

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37
Q

Nucleolus description (eukaryotic)

A

a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus

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38
Q

Nucleolus function (eukaryotic)

A

produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

39
Q

Chloroplast description (eukaryotic)

A

an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

40
Q

Chloroplast function (eukaryotic)

A

produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes

41
Q

Plastids description (eukaryotic)

A

main sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

42
Q

Plastids function (eukaryotic)

A

manufacturing and storing food

43
Q

Vacuoles description (eukaryotic)

A

single membrane-bound organelles with no define shape or size

44
Q

Vacuoles function (eukaryotic)

A

storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, expulsion of excess of water

45
Q

Centrioles description (eukaryotic)

A

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

46
Q

centrioles function (eukaryotic)

A

organize microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system

47
Q

Undulipodia description (eukaryotic)

A

Types: flagella and cilia. Similar structurally, differs functionally

48
Q

Undulipodia function (eukaryotic)

A

movement

49
Q

Difference between smooth and rough ER

A

rough ER has ribosomes attached to it

50
Q

The unified cell theory states that

A
  1. all living things are composed of at least one cell
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. new cells arise from existing cells
51
Q

7 basic function integral to survive

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Reproduction
  3. Sensitivity
  4. Homeostasis - the state of balance within all physical systems needed for a body to function properly and survive
  5. Excretion
  6. Nutrition
  7. Growth
52
Q

the endosymbiotic theory

A

deals with the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, two eukaryotic organelles that have bacteria characteristics

53
Q

Name four different types of specialist cells which a single celled human zygote

A

Skin cells, muscle cells, bone cells, blood cells.

54
Q

Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants

A

fungi and plants has cell wall, animal no

55
Q

how stem cells differ from other cells

A
  1. They can divide and renew themselves over a long time.
  2. They are unspecialized, so they cannot do specific functions in the body.
  3. They have the potential to become specialized cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells
56
Q

Stem cells are

A

the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated

57
Q

stem cell types

A

Embryonic, Adult, Perinatal

58
Q

Main microscope types

A

Light microscope, electron microscope

59
Q

difference between the two microscopes

A

Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that they produce an image of a specimen by using a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light

60
Q

Magnification

A

image size / actual size

61
Q

Optical magnification is…

A

the ratio between the apparent size of an object and its true size

62
Q

What is cell membrane made of

A

proteins and phospholipids

63
Q

What does plasma membrane do?

A

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

64
Q

Biological bilayers

A

Usually composed of amphipathic phospholipids that have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic tail consisting of two fatty acid chains

65
Q

Amphipathic

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

66
Q

Hydrophobic

A

tending to repel or fail to mix with water

67
Q

Hydrophilic

A

having tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

68
Q

Membrane proteins consist of three main types:

A

Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Transmembrane proteins

69
Q

Integral proteins -

A

permanently attached to the biological membrane.
Plays critical role in movement of molecules across them, the transduction of energy and signals

70
Q

Peripheral proteins -

A

Interact with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
Functions in support, communication, molecule transfer in the cell

71
Q

Transmembrane proteins -

A

control signal transmission, transport of nutrients and other soluble molecules, energy conversion across organelles and cells

72
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of animal cell membrane, neither fat nor oil

73
Q

cholesterol function

A

helps the cell to keep up the shape

74
Q

types of cells that need to be transported through the membrane

A

Large molecules - glucose
Small molecules (non-polar) - oxygen
Small ions (have charge) - sodium ion
Large proteins

75
Q

Active transportation

A

Requires energy
Molecules move against gradient
Molecules are too big to move on their own
Highly selective

76
Q

membrane pumps

A

are proteins aiding in the active transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane

77
Q

types of transport

A

Passive and active

78
Q

diffusion

A

substance moves from highly concentrated area to low concentration area until concentration is equal

79
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

80
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission

81
Q

a nucleus cell cycle is divided into two main stages

A

Interphase, mitotis
sometimes cytokinesis

82
Q

cell cycle

A

Interphase, G1, S, G2, M

83
Q

Interphase of cell cycle

A

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA

84
Q

G1

A

the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles and makes the cellular building blocks

85
Q

S

A

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule organizing structure called the centrosome. It helps seperate DNA during M phase

86
Q

G2

A

the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. As G2 ends Mitosis begins

87
Q

Mitosis stages

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

88
Q

Interphase of mitosis

A

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA

89
Q

Prophase

A

separation of the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

90
Q

Metaphase

A

the nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the centre of the dividing cell

91
Q

anaphase

A

separated chromatids (chromosome pairs?) move toward the opposite poles of the cell, once separated, the chromatids are referred to as chromosomes

92
Q

Telophase

A

final phase. The process that separated the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

93
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm that follows telophase

94
Q

the division of the cytoplasm difference between plants and animals

A

plants - take place by cell plate formation
animals - take place by cell furrow method

Biology SL DP1 (7 decks)

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