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Biology SL DP1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

the first form of life on Earth. The smallest of all organisms. DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS.

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2
Q

Cell wall description (prokaryotic)

A

a rigid, external layer made of peptidoglycan or pseudopeptidoglycan

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3
Q

Plasma membrane (prokaryotic)

A

a lipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

Name all the parts of the prokaryotic cell (8)

A

cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, nucleoid, plasmid

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5
Q

Cell wall function (prokaryotic)

A

maintains cell’s shape, protects the cell interior, prevents the cell from bursting when it takes up water

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6
Q

Plasma membrane function (prokaryotic)

A

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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7
Q

Cytoplasm description (prokaryotic)

A

everything found inside the plasma membrane

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8
Q

Cytoplasm function (prokaryotic)

A

to house and maintain an optimal environment for the cellular organelles

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9
Q

Pili description (prokaryotic)

A

short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells

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10
Q

Pili function (prokaryotic)

A

mostly to attach to surfaces

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11
Q

Flagella description (prokaryotic)

A

helically shaped structures containing the protein flagellin

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12
Q

Flagella function (prokaryotic)

A

cell movement

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13
Q

Ribosomes description (prokaryotic)

A

70s

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14
Q

ribosomes function (prokaryotic)

A

produce protein

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15
Q

nucleoid description (prokaryotic)

A

the area of a prokaryotic cell in which the chromosomal dna is located

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16
Q

nucleoid function (prokaryotic)

A

the region regulates the growth, reproduction and function

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17
Q

Plasmid desription (prokaryotic)

A

small rings of double-strand extra-chromosomal DNA

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18
Q

Plasmid function (prokaryotic)

A

permit the production of large quantities of a given plasmid bacteria

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

has a nucleus

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20
Q

All parts of the eukaryotic cell (14 LOL)

A

cell wall, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough ER, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondrion, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplast (plants only), plastids, vacoules, centrioles, undulipodia

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21
Q

Cell wall description (eukaryotic)

A

can be made of wide range of materials

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22
Q

cell wall function (eukaryotic)

A

protects the cell, provides structural support, gives shape to the cell

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23
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum description (eukaryotic)

A

an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells

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24
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function (eukaryotic)

A

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids

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25
Rough endoplasmic reticulum description (eukaryotic)
organelle composed of many folds of tissues and channels
26
Rough endoplasmic reticulum function (eukaryotic)
synthesis of proteins
27
lysosome description (eukaryotic)
contains about 50 different degradative enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, DNA, RNA, polysaccharides and lipids
28
lysosome function (eukaryotic)
digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, microorganisms
29
golgi apparatus description (eukaryotic)
a series of stacked membranes that are located within the cytoplasm
30
golgi apparatus function (eukaryotic)
a factory in which proteins are received from the ER, are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane or secretion
31
ribosomes description (eukaryotic)
80S
32
Ribosomes function (eukaryotic)
production of proteins (synthesis)
33
Mitochondrion description (eukaryotic)
double-membraned organelle that contains its own ribosomes and DNA
34
Mitochondrion function (eukaryotic)
generation of metabolic energy
35
Nucleus description (eukaryotic)
a structure that holds the DNA in eukaryotic cells. Bound by two membranes
36
Nucleus function (eukaryotic)
protects DNA. Separates the DNA from the rest of the cell and keeps it safe
37
Nucleolus description (eukaryotic)
a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus
38
Nucleolus function (eukaryotic)
produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes
39
Chloroplast description (eukaryotic)
an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis
40
Chloroplast function (eukaryotic)
produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes
41
Plastids description (eukaryotic)
main sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells
42
Plastids function (eukaryotic)
manufacturing and storing food
43
Vacuoles description (eukaryotic)
single membrane-bound organelles with no define shape or size
44
Vacuoles function (eukaryotic)
storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, expulsion of excess of water
45
Centrioles description (eukaryotic)
paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
46
centrioles function (eukaryotic)
organize microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system
47
Undulipodia description (eukaryotic)
Types: flagella and cilia. Similar structurally, differs functionally
48
Undulipodia function (eukaryotic)
movement
49
Difference between smooth and rough ER
rough ER has ribosomes attached to it
50
The unified cell theory states that
1. all living things are composed of at least one cell 2. the cell is the basic unit of life 3. new cells arise from existing cells
51
7 basic function integral to survive
1. Metabolism 2. Reproduction 3. Sensitivity 4. Homeostasis - the state of balance within all physical systems needed for a body to function properly and survive 5. Excretion 6. Nutrition 7. Growth
52
the endosymbiotic theory
deals with the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, two eukaryotic organelles that have bacteria characteristics
53
Name four different types of specialist cells which a single celled human zygote
Skin cells, muscle cells, bone cells, blood cells.
54
Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
fungi and plants has cell wall, animal no
55
how stem cells differ from other cells
1. They can divide and renew themselves over a long time. 2. They are unspecialized, so they cannot do specific functions in the body. 3. They have the potential to become specialized cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells
56
Stem cells are
the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated
57
stem cell types
Embryonic, Adult, Perinatal
58
Main microscope types
Light microscope, electron microscope
59
difference between the two microscopes
Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that they produce an image of a specimen by using a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light
60
Magnification
image size / actual size
61
Optical magnification is...
the ratio between the apparent size of an object and its true size
62
What is cell membrane made of
proteins and phospholipids
63
What does plasma membrane do?
regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
64
Biological bilayers
Usually composed of amphipathic phospholipids that have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic tail consisting of two fatty acid chains
65
Amphipathic
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
66
Hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water
67
Hydrophilic
having tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
68
Membrane proteins consist of three main types:
Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Transmembrane proteins
69
Integral proteins -
permanently attached to the biological membrane. Plays critical role in movement of molecules across them, the transduction of energy and signals
70
Peripheral proteins -
Interact with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes Functions in support, communication, molecule transfer in the cell
71
Transmembrane proteins -
control signal transmission, transport of nutrients and other soluble molecules, energy conversion across organelles and cells
72
Cholesterol
Component of animal cell membrane, neither fat nor oil
73
cholesterol function
helps the cell to keep up the shape
74
types of cells that need to be transported through the membrane
Large molecules - glucose Small molecules (non-polar) - oxygen Small ions (have charge) - sodium ion Large proteins
75
Active transportation
Requires energy Molecules move against gradient Molecules are too big to move on their own Highly selective
76
membrane pumps
are proteins aiding in the active transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane
77
types of transport
Passive and active
78
diffusion
substance moves from highly concentrated area to low concentration area until concentration is equal
79
osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
80
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
Binary fission
81
a nucleus cell cycle is divided into two main stages
Interphase, mitotis sometimes cytokinesis
82
cell cycle
Interphase, G1, S, G2, M
83
Interphase of cell cycle
the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
84
G1
the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles and makes the cellular building blocks
85
S
the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule organizing structure called the centrosome. It helps seperate DNA during M phase
86
G2
the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. As G2 ends Mitosis begins
87
Mitosis stages
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
88
Interphase of mitosis
the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
89
Prophase
separation of the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
90
Metaphase
the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the centre of the dividing cell
91
anaphase
separated chromatids (chromosome pairs?) move toward the opposite poles of the cell, once separated, the chromatids are referred to as chromosomes
92
Telophase
final phase. The process that separated the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
93
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm that follows telophase
94
the division of the cytoplasm difference between plants and animals
plants - take place by cell plate formation animals - take place by cell furrow method

Biology SL DP1 (7 decks)

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