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AP Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biotic

A

Living components of an ecosystem

  • Plants
  • bacteria
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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living components of an ecosystem

  • sunlight
  • oxygen
  • water
  • nitrogen
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3
Q

Population

A

All members of one species

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4
Q

Community

A

All biotic factors and their interactions

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the biotic and abiotic components and their interactions

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6
Q

Primary Producers

A

Make their own food through photosynthesis

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7
Q

Primary consumers

A
  • Eat primary producers

- herbivores

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8
Q

Secondary consumers

A
  • Eat primary consumers

- Carnivores

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9
Q

Tertiary consumers

A
  • secondary carnivores

- 2nd carnivores in line

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10
Q

Decomposers

A
  • Break down dead organisms
  • Not typically on the chart
  • Get energy from ALL trophic levels
  • Recycle materials back to first level (primary producers)
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11
Q

Primary Productivity

A
  • Amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy (in organic compound) by autotrophs in an ecosystem
  • Measuring photosynthesis
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12
Q

What direction do arrows point in an energy flow diagram?

A

in the direction of energy flow (the organism that eats it has arrow on it)

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13
Q

What happens as you move energy levels in an energy pyramid?

A

You lose energy because each trophic level has to use a lot of energy just to maintain themselves (10%) passed

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14
Q

Gross productivity

A
  • ALL of the energy produced by a trophic level

- Total amount of photosynthesis

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15
Q

Net productivity

A
  • Amount of energy left over for the next trophic level
  • Easier to measure
  • Left over energy bc cell respiration basically negates photosynthesis in terms of oxygen
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16
Q

In a plant cell O2 levels rise from photosynthesis, but what happens simultaneously?

A

That O2 is used in the plant’s mitochondria for cell respiration

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17
Q

What are the light reactions?

A

Cell respiration and photosynthesis

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18
Q

What are the dark reactions?

A

just cell respiration

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19
Q

Since we know that cell respiration and photosynthesis both occur in the day and during the night, only cell respiration occurs, what does this mean?

A

Photosynthesis only occurs during the day

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20
Q

What happens in r-selected species in terms of a graph?

A
  • The population explodes
  • Stripped of resources
  • Die off
  • repeat
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21
Q

What happens in K-selected species in terms of a graph?

A
  • Population always lower than the carrying capacity

- Population is relatively stable

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22
Q

R selected species

A
  • Small size
  • Fast development
  • Short-lived
  • Reproduce early
  • Many small offspring
  • No parental care
  • Variable pop. size
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23
Q

K selected species

A
  • Large size
  • Slow development
  • long lived
  • Reproduce late
  • Few large offspring
  • Strong parental care
  • Constant population size
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24
Q

Are humans K or R selected species?

A

K selected

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25
Q

Dandelion?

A

R selected

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26
Q

Oak Tree

A

K selected

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27
Q

What determines a biome?

A
  • Ocean currents
  • rotation of the earth
  • Weather/climate
  • Rainfall
  • Position to the equator
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28
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that if its removed, will have a negative impact on the rest of the ecosystem
(top predators)

29
Q

Succession

A

After a natural disaster, steps an ecosystem has to take to recover

30
Q

Primary Succession

A

Starting w/ nothing like rock, then has to go through a lot of steps to grow back. Lichens and rock work together to grow

31
Q

Secondary Succession

A

There is a presence of soil, meaning we don’t need a pioneer species

32
Q

Climax community

A
  • a natural disaster can disrupt them very easily b/c the community is at the highest capacity for the population
  • don’t need a pioneer species
33
Q

Climate vs Weather

A

Climate is longer term conditions and weather is short term/easily changing conditions

34
Q

Dessert

A
  • Hot
  • Little Rain
  • Growth of annual plants (short time periods after rain)
  • Leathery leaves
  • Deciduous leaves
  • Reduced leaves restrict activity to night
  • concentrated urine
35
Q

Tundra

A
  • Extremely cold winters
  • Ground freezes
  • Upper top soil thaws during summer
  • Permafrost (deeper layers) layers stay frozen
36
Q

Tropical Rain Forest

A

-High temperatures
-Heavy rain
-tall trees
-Canopy that allows little
light reach the forest floor
-High biodiversity

37
Q

Marine

A

-Includes estruaries

where fresh meets salt water

38
Q

Lichen and rock

A

The algae does photosynthesis and fungi attach to the rock and secrete enzymes

39
Q

Migration

A
  • Movement of individuals from one place to another

- This can influence local adaption, speciation, extinction, and genetic variation

40
Q

Migration

A
  • Movement of individuals from one place to another
  • This can influence local adaption, speciation, extinction, and genetic variation
  • The migrated individuals breed with the new population, contribute their genes and alter the gene pool of the local population

-geese flying south for the winter

41
Q

Things that evolved bc of coevolution:

A
  • Secondary compound

- Cryptic coloration

42
Q

Things that evolved bc of coevolution:

A
  • Secondary compound
  • Cryptic coloration
  • Aposematic Coloration (warning)
  • Mimicry
43
Q

Secondary Compound

A

An organism produces toxins to protect itself like tobacco plants that produce nicotine

44
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

camouflage

45
Q

Things that evolved bc of coevolution:

A
  • Secondary compound
  • Cryptic coloration
  • Aposematic Coloration (warning)
  • Mimicry
46
Q

Aposematic Coloration (warning)

A

an organism presents bright colors for the illusion that it produces a toxin, also this goes for one organism

47
Q

Mimicry

A

An organism mimics another for the purpose to present another organisms properties to a predator, this goes for multiple organisms that have looks that indicate toxic behavior

48
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A
  • When 1 organism evolved to look like the toxic trait group so predators don’t mess w/ them
  • Advantage: don’t have to waste energy to make a toxin themselves
49
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

All in a group have the same look and defense which gets them a reputation

50
Q

Coevolution

A
  • 2 species evolving at the same time
  • predator/prey
  • competition
  • symbiosis
  • flowering plants/pollinator
51
Q

Innate

A

a behavior you are born with

52
Q

Learned

A

A behavior that is acquired over time from example

53
Q

Tactile Communication

A
  • Bees have a dance to tell others where food sources are located
  • others feel vibrations
54
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • An action is done and is rewarded or punished

- learn to repeat behavior

55
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • Dwight and Jim
  • realization that 2 things are connected
  • Training association of 2 things
  • Learned
56
Q

Fixed Action Patterns

A
  • A behavior so important to an organism that they need to complete it
  • goose w egg (child)
  • Innate
57
Q

Taxis or Kinesis

A

Both orientation behaviors
Light: towards or away (taxis)
Radio: random movement (kinesis)

BUT: if for example bugs move randomly before and after a whistle is blown, its no effect

58
Q

Some behaviors

A
  • hibernation

- nocturnal

59
Q

C

A

organic : nucleic acids, carbs, lipids, proteins

inorganic: CO2

60
Q

N

A

organic: nucleic acids, proteins
inorganic: N2

61
Q

P

A

organic: nucleic acids, phospholipids
inorganic: dissolved in water/rocks

62
Q

The Carbon Cycle

A

CO2, plants/algae, Calvin cycle, primary producers, higher level consumers, cell respiration, releases carbon back into the air

63
Q

The Nitrogen Cycle

A

N2 in the atmosphere (taken by bacteria), nitrogen fixing in the roots, N2 —->NH3, NO2 —–>NO3, N2 taken back to start over so plants can put it into their proteins and nucleic acids

64
Q

3 types of bacteria for the nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen fixing (N2 —-> NH3)
Nitrifying (NH3—–>NO2 & NO3)
Denitrifyers (NO2 & NO3 ——> N2)

65
Q

Phosphorous Cycle

A

dissolved in water + rocks —–>goes into autotrophs—> into the food web—–> through death and decomposition P goes back into the water, rocks

66
Q

mycorriza

A

fungus increases water intake of roots (brings in water and all its minerals)

67
Q

Fertilizer

A

plants are autotrophs who don’t need food so fertilizer is N, phosphates (P), and Potash (K2O)

68
Q

Mycorriza

A

fungus increases water intake of roots (brings in water and all its minerals)

AP Biology (5 decks)

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