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Biology Evolution > Ecological networks > Flashcards

Ecological networks Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of coevolution?

A

Change in the genetic compostion of one species in response to a genetic chnage in another = RECIPROCAL INTERACTION
(traits must be heritable)

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2
Q

What are non-specific examples of antagonistic relationships?

A

herbivore-plant, pathogen- host, parasitoid-host, predator-prey

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3
Q

What are the 3 requirement fro evolutionary change?

A

1- trait confers fitness advantage
2- genetic variation for trait
3- trait is heritable

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of specialisation?

A

Genetic and species

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5
Q

Example of mutualistic coevolution

A

Lycaenid caterpillars providing ants with honeydew in return for protection

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6
Q

Example of predation coevolution

A

Crossbills and cones: cross bills prefer smaller cones so cone size increased. Then beak size increased = divergence of crossbill populations

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7
Q

2 occurrences that may look like coevolution but are NOT

A

1- traits evolved in 1 species before association began

2- 1 species tracks another’s evolutionary changes (not reciprocal)

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8
Q

Give an Example of phenotypic level antagonism?

A

Running speed

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic level antagonisms?

A

Escalation and Red Queen hypotheses

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10
Q

Difference between symmetric and asymmetric interactions?

A

Symmetric- same fitness effect e.g. obligate lethal parasite- consequence = death
Asymmetric- arms race
e.g. prey running for LIFE but predator only running for dinner

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11
Q

Example of escalation at genetic level

A

Taricha granulosa newts produce TXX toxin + Thamnophos sirtalis snakes evolved resistance

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12
Q

Example of red queen hypothesis at genetic level

A

Trematodes can only infect snails with specific genotype so rare snail genotypes less susceptible = reproduce more = more common = more susceptible

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13
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time.

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14
Q

What are 4 ways to test for coevolution?

A

1- Time-shift assays
2- map phylogenies of interacting species to look for concordance
3- determine if one of species if dependant on other for fitness
4- correlate trait values across populations

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15
Q

What 3 factors structure ecological networks?

A

indirect effects, keystone species, anthropogenic disturbance

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16
Q

What are nodes and edges?

A

nodes (species), edges (feeding links)

17
Q

What is connectance?

A

fraction of possible links in web that actually occur

18
Q

What does robustness increase with ?

A

connectance

19
Q

How can food webs be studied?

A

observation, modelling, experiment

20
Q

What are 2 conclusions made from food web models?

A

food chains should be short and complexity may reduce stability

21
Q

What is apparent competition?

A

same trophic level- more competition for space

22
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

Species whose impact on community/ecosystem is larger than might be expected by abundance (often predators)

23
Q

What is the definition of an ecological community?

A

group of species that occur together in space/time and compete for same limiting resources

24
Q

What is hyperdiveristy?

A

e.g. coral reefs, tropical rainforests

25
Q

what is gause’s principle?

A

2 species cannot coexist on a single limiting resource if other ecological factors remain constant

26
Q

Example of competitive exclusion?

A

Fenchels snails
Connells barnacles (dessication resistant)
Tilmans diatoms
Gause’s paramecium

27
Q

what are 2 ways to test competitive explusion?

A

seed vs seed OR ability of 1 species to invade a monoculture

28
Q

What is the equation for when coexistence occurs?

A

K1 >K2alpah12

K2>K1alpha12

29
Q

What is the R* theory?

A

theory for competing for a single limited resource (1 species drives resource down to a level only it can exist in and other goes extinct

30
Q

What is the Lotka- volterra predator -prey model?

A

change in prey = exponential increase in prey - pop. removed depending on predator prey encounters and predator attack rate

Change in predators = exponential decline due to starvation - new individuals born ( efficicncy of food to babaies)

31
Q

what happens when no change in populaiton?

A

zero isoclines

32
Q

what can different models such as lotka- volterra of predation show?

A

whether predation is density dependent or density independant

33
Q

is predation likley density dependant or independant with low prey pop.

A

density dependant

34
Q

What is density dependance?

A

any force that affects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of the population

Biology Evolution (5 decks)

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