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Biology Evolution > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the anthropocene?

A

current geological period in which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environement

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2
Q

What are the 3 measures of biodiversity?

A

richness, eveness and heterogeneity

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3
Q

What is heterogeneity?

A

diverse in character or content.

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4
Q

What are the 3 main ways of measuring variability in space?

A

Alpha beta and gamma diversity

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5
Q

What is beta diversity?

A

turnover of species among sites

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6
Q

What is is true of the elevational diversity gradient?

A

many taxa biodiversity peak mid-altitude

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7
Q

Do older clades have more species?

A

NO

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8
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

increases efficiency and stability of an ecosystem and improves flow of very valuable ecosystem services

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9
Q

Why does area increase speciation?

A

more niches for diversificaiton

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10
Q

Why do higher temps increase biodiversity>

A

higher mutation rate = faster evolution

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11
Q

Why does climate stability increase biodiversity?

A

stable and predictable resources = specialisation

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12
Q

What is the biodiversity intactness index?

A

avg. abundance of originally present species across a broad range of species, relative to abundance in undisturbed habitat

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13
Q

How much of deforestation is beef responsible for?

A

> 67%

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14
Q

How many times slower is rate of evolution than needs to be to keep up with climate change?

A

2000 times faster

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15
Q

How does climate change lead to species extinction?

A

nowhere to go, Novel pathogen and Predators

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16
Q

What is the Power Function?

A

as you survey increasing ares, number of species recorded increases

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17
Q

What 3 main mechanisms can be used to explain the power function?

A

1) habitat diversity hypothesis
2) passive sampling hypothesis
3) equilibirum model of island biogeography

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18
Q

What is the habitat-diversity hypothesis?

A

wider range of habitats= wider range of species can live in area

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19
Q

What does the passive sampling hypothesis not explain?

A

why there is diversity on small islands

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20
Q

What are the 2 predictions of the equilibrium hypothesis?

A

closer islands have more species AND larger islands have more species

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21
Q

What type of diversity does species richness and latitude rely on?

A

Beta diversity - degree to which species overlap between areas (lots of small islands can collectively have more species than an equivalent large one)

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22
Q

Why do the tropics have such high diversity?

A

1) productivity species hypothesis
2) each species is more specialised
3) more overlap in resource use
4) resources more fully exploited

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of group formation?

A

1) Subsocial (cells bud and stick together as groups of daughter cells)
2) semisocial (not completely clonal)

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24
Q

Is B/C<1 at all times in eusocial ?

A

No

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25
Q

Is B/C<1 at all times in coop verts ?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What does the fact that population growth is density dependent mean for harvest?

A

a sustainable harvest can be taken

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27
Q

What is the most common modelling equation used for modelling populaton?

A

Logistic equation

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28
Q

What is safer, taking a constant number of harvest or a constant proportion?

A

Constant proportion

29
Q

Is maximal sustainable yield (MSY) economically profitable?

A

No- too high effort AND not biologically safe

30
Q

What market structure is better; monopoly or open access?

A

Monopoly as MAXIMISE profits over time ; open access harvesters maximise SHORT TERM GAINS

31
Q

What type of supply cures do renewable resources use?

A

Backwards bending (can cause instability

32
Q

What are the 2 main types of population harvesting equilibria?

A

open access and sole owner static

33
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

altruism that occurs between unrelated individuals when there will be repayment

34
Q

What happened with the Rhino poaching in Luanga valley 1985?

A

rhino pop. hunted till small but continued joint with IVORY (elephants) because whilst non profitable to just hunt for more valuable rhinos- profitable to hunt for both

35
Q

What is the consequence of tragedy of the common?

A

open access resources

36
Q

What are the 3 motivations for compliance with rules?

A

instrumental, normative, legitimacy-based

37
Q

How does Malaria avoid being detected by the spleen?

A

antigens hold onto epithelium to avoid it reaching the spleen

38
Q

How does herpes avoid detection by the immune system?

A

Moves along peripheral sensory nerves via axons till reaches central nervous system sensory ganglia

39
Q

What is the R0 value in terms of pathogenicity?

A

number of secondary cases generated by a primary case in a totally susceptible population

40
Q

what equation is intrinsic growth rate (infection) analogous to?

A

Logistic growth equation

41
Q

What does biennial mean?

A

lasting for two years or occurring every two years

42
Q

What needs to happen for eradication of an infectious disease?

A

proportion of immunised must exceed fraction immune at equilibrium (without vaccine)
P > 1-1/R0

43
Q

What are the 2 models of infectious diseases?

A

SIR and SI

susceptible, infected and recovered

44
Q

Why is there a vaccine for measles but not influenza

A

influenza has more variable and mutated antigenic sites

45
Q

What is commensalism?

A

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

46
Q

What are the diff. types of pathogen?

A

accidental, obligate and oppourtunistic

47
Q

What is the commensal lifestyle of meningococcus?

A

invade young adult mucosa and prolirefartae ad no capsule molecuels

48
Q

Example of an oppourtunistic pathogen

A

cholera

49
Q

What is blubber made out of?

A

Fat and collagen

50
Q

How does torpor work?

A

controlled hypothermia- metabolic rate increases just to slop tissues freeezing

51
Q

What animals undergo torpor?

A

small mammals

52
Q

Why is brown adipose tissue good for thermoregulation?

A

high mitochondria and lipid content

53
Q

How did endothermy evolve?

A

nocturnalisation and addition of insulation on ectotherms?

54
Q

What is the parental provison hypothesis?

A

endotherms can control embryo incubation temperature so can minimise the impact on temp. induced characters such as sex
also quicker development e.g. lactation helps

55
Q

What are the 2 types of mastication / cranial muscles favoured by herbivores and carnovores?

A

herbivores- masseter

carnivores= temporalis

56
Q

which herbivore digestion system is better at divesting high cellulose content with little nutrition?

A 
hindgut fermenters
foregut fermenters (ruminants) chew food twice- less efficient strategy
57
Q

What doe heteroceral mean?

A

2 - lobed tail

equal upper and lower lobes, usually with the vertebral column passing into the upper.

58
Q

Why might turtles lower shells have evolved before their upper?

A

protection from predation from below

59
Q

what does plantigrade limp mean?

A

flat footed

60
Q

What does digitigrade forelimb mean?

A

walks on 2 fingers

61
Q

What is the function of the mandibular fenestre?

A

attachment of larger bulging muscles for powerful flight

62
Q

what does pleiosaur body plan resemble?

A

loch ness monster

63
Q

Are all dinosaurs oviparous?

A

yes

64
Q

What bookended the mesozic era?

A

2 of 5 great mass extinctions

65
Q

What integument is present on pterosaurs that may have potentially evolved into feathers?

A

pyncofibres

66
Q

What is the cause of gigantism in dinosaurs?

A

high growth rate

67
Q

Whats important about dinosaur ventilation?

A

unidirectional using air sacs

68
Q

what 2 clades are dinosauria split into?

A

saurischia and orthonthischia

Biology Evolution (5 decks)

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