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ACVR Objectives > Echocardiogram > Flashcards

Echocardiogram Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered an abnormal E-point septal separation in dogs versus cats?

A

Dogs - >6-7mm

Cats - >2mm

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2
Q

Normal fractional shortening for dogs and cats?

A

Dogs - Small breed 35-45%
Dogs - large breed - >25%
Cats - 45-55%

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3
Q

What is the equation for fractional shortening of the left ventricle?

A

(LVd-LVs)/ (LVd) x 100

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4
Q

What is a normal aorta/left atrial ratio for dogs?

A

1:1.3

Greater than this number = dilation.

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5
Q

What is abnormal size measurement for the left atrium in felines?

A

> 1.5cm in diameter

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6
Q

What is the doppler frequency shift equation?

A

V = (fd)c / (2Fi cos theta)

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7
Q

What are benefits and disadvantages of pulsed wave doppler?

A

Range gating for specific depths.
Transducer stops and listens for echoes returning from certain depths.

Disadvantages: cannot detect high velocity flows due to aliasing. (Doppler shift frequency > than 1/2PRF)

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8
Q

When does aliasing occur? what is the equation?

A

Doppler shift frequency needs to be > than 1/2 the PRF.

Pulse repetition frequency - # of times the probe is pulsed per second - determined by time required to travel to the most distant structures and return without being confused.

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9
Q

What are velocities through tricuspid and pulmonic valve that are consistent with pulmonary hypertension?

A

Tricuspid: >3m/s
Pulmonic: >2.2m/s

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10
Q

What is normal velocity through aortic valve.

What velocities through the LVOT may be concerning for subaortic stenosis?

A

Aortic valve: 0.9-1.7m/s. Boxers can be higher (up to 2m/s)

Subaortic stenosis: 1.7-2.2m/s - grey zone
>2.2m/s suggestive
Boxers - >2.5m/s is suggestive

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11
Q

What pressure through the LVOT would be considered severe for subaortic stenosis?

A

> 100mmHg

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12
Q

What is normal velocity through the pulmonic valve?

What velocity is suggestive of pulmonic stenosis?

A

Normal - 1.4-1.5m/s

Pulmonic stenosis - velocities that are consistent with hypertension. TR >3m/s, PR>2.2m/s

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13
Q

What are grading schemes for pulmonic stenosis (velocities and pressures)?

A

Mild 40-60mmHg (2.5-3.5m/s)
Moderate 60-80mmHg (3.5-4.5m/s)
Severe 80mmHg (>4.5m/s)

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14
Q

What is thickness of ventricle in cats that make you suspicious for HCM?

A

IVS or LVS of 5.5-5.9mm is concerning

IVS or LVS >6mm is hypertrophic

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15
Q

What is normal velocity through the tricuspid valve?

A

Tricuspid: 0.5m/s

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16
Q

What is normal velocity through the pulmonic valve?

A
17
Q

What is normal velocity through the mitral valve? (For both e and a-wave)

A

E-wave: 0.7m/s

A-wave: 0.5m/s

18
Q

What is normal velocity through the aortic valve?

A

Aorta: 0.9-1.7m/s

Boxers aorta: can be higher. If greater than 2.5 - concerning for SAS

ACVR Objectives (18 decks)

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