Anatomy Objectives Flashcards
Which cells lay down bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts later become what cell type of mature bone?
Osteocytes
The cells which direct deposition of cartilage and bone are derived from what?
The mesenchyme.
The mesenchyme forms the greater part of the middle germ layer known as what?
Mesoderm
What is the basic osteophyte structure
Each osteophyte rests in the lacuna and has long branching processes which extend through canaliculi in the mineralized matrix to the lacunae of neighboring cells.
Fetal skeleton is characterized by bones formed in a membrane (intramembranous ossification) which precedes or accompanies bones formed in cartilage (endochondral ossification)
Gimme!
Membrane bones develop in what tissue?
Fibrous tissue (Cranium and facial bones)
Cartilage bone is preformed in what tissue?
Cartilage
Intramembranous ossification determines which measurement of the bone?
Diameter
In intramembranous ossification, Mesenchymal cells coalesce to form what kind of model of the future bone?
Fibrous model
Endochondral ossification determines which measurement of the bone?
Length
In endochondral ossification, mesenchymal cells form what kind of model of the future bone
Cartilage model
Ossification takes place within the cartilage model by 1 or more centers of ossification. Where is the primary and secondary sites located?
Primary site - center
Secondary at the ends of bones
In the primary ossification site, cartilage cells hypertrophy and arranged themselves in rows
Gimme!
Calcification of the intercellular matrix occurs followed by death of the chondrocytes. At the same time, blood vessels with osteoblasts from the peripheral tissues invade the central area?
Gimme!
Compact bone is formed under the direct ratio of stress known as what law?
Wolff’s Law
Spongy bone of the skull is known as what?
Diploe
An investing layer of connective tissue which covers the non-articular surfaces of all bones is known as what type of bone?
Periosteum
Thinner than periosteum, lines the medullary is what type of bone?
Endosteum
All bone is derived from what?
Mesoderm
Osteoblast synthesizes
Matrix and osteoid
What makes up 90% of the organic component of the bone matrix?
Type 1 collagen
What makes up the majority of the inorganic matrix?
Calcium hydroxyapetite
What is the time period between osteoid production and mineralization of the matrix?
12-15 days
Osteoblast lays down osteoid and loses its ability to produce osteoid and becomes what cell?
Osteocyte
Osteocytes are connected by a system of tunnels called what?
Canaliculi
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Bone resorption
Secondary center of ossification in areas of ligamentous or tendinous attachments that contribute to the shape of the bone but not growth.
Apophysis
In long bones, endochondral ossification is located where?
Physis and metaphysics where active bone formation takes place.
There are 4 zones to the physics what are they?
- Reserve zone (on epiphyseal side)
- Zone of proliferation
- Zone of hypertrophy
- Zone of mineralization (Zone of endochondral ossification)
Hormonal changes cause the physeal plate to turn to bone. What factors are involved?
GH-Somatotropin
Thyroid-hormones-thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine
Sex hormones
What is the process called by which organic matrix is produced with subsequent mineralization of the inorganic matrix.
Ossification
In what type of bone does collagen form in parallel arrangements?
Lamellar
Lamellar bone requires a cartilage precursor
Gimme!
Random collagen organization that is laid rapidly
Woven Bone
What is normal deciduous dentition for a canine?
Total teeth = 14
Upper: 3,1,3
Lower: 3,1,3
What is normal adult dentition for a canine?
Total teeth = 21
Upper: 3,1,4,2
Lower: 3,1,4,3
Which teeth have more than 1 root in an adult canine?
Maxillary:
1st premolar = 1 root
2nd + 3rd premolar = 2 roots
4th premolar, 1st and 2nd molar = 3 roots
Mandibular:
1st premolar and 3rd molar = 1 root
The rest of the mandibular teeth have 2 roots.
What is normal decidous dentition for a feline?
Total teeth = 13
Upper: 3,1,3
Lower: 3,1,2
What is normal adult dentition for a feline?
Total teeth = 15
Upper: 3,1,3,1
Lower: 3,1,2,1
Which teeth in an adult feline have more than 1 root?
Upper: 2nd premolar has 2 roots, 3rd premolar has 3 roots
Lower: all premolars/molars have 1 root
What is the vertebral formula for cats, dogs, horses, bovine, porcine, and ferrets?
Cats: C7,T13,L7,S3, Ca5-23 Dogs: C7,T13,L7,S3,Ca up to 20 Equine: C7,T18,L6,S5,Ca 15-21 Bovine: C7,T13,L6,S5 Cd 18-20 Porcine: C7, T14-15,L6-7,S4, Ca20-23 Ferrets - variable. 50% of patients examine in VRU 56.2 (117-123) had formula of C7,T14,L6,S3 with T,L or S varying by 1
Normal dentition for an adult horse?
I 3/3
C 1/1 or 0/0
P 3 (4) / 3
M 3/3
Normal deciduous dentition for a foal?
I 3/3
C 0/0
P 3/3
Normal adult dentition for a cow?
I 0/4
C 0/0
P 3/3
M 3/3
Deciduous dentition for a cow?
I 0/4
C 0/0
P 3/3
