Anatomy - Cardiovascular

Question 1

How does the esophagus receive its blood supply?

Answer 1

Cervical esophagus: cranial and caudal thyroid vessels
Cranial 2/3 of Thoracic esophagus: Bronchoesophageal artery (arises from 5th intercostal space)
Caudal 1/3 of thoracic esophagus: left gastric, dorsal intercostal arteries

Question 2

Where do the venous system draining the esophagus dump into?

Answer 2

Bronchoesophageal/thyroid vessels: azygos

Left gastric: portal vessel

Question 3

Describe major arterial blood supply to the forelimb

Answer 3

Subclavian
Superficial cervical (branch off subclavian)
Axillary (continuation of subclavian) 
Brachial (continuation of axillary) 
Median (continuation of brachial) 

Distal limb
Median –> superficial antebrachial –> dorsal common digital arteries
median a –> Superficial palmar arches –> common palmar digital arteries

Question 4

What is major venous drainage of the forelimb?

Answer 4

Cephalic (originates from the palmar venous arches) –> wraps around medial side and joins the accessory cephalic (along dorsal aspect of limb)

Cephalic has many branches - median, axillobrachial, omobrachial

Majority of venous drainage empties into external jugular vein

Question 5

How much of blood supply does the brain require?

Answer 5

15-20%

Question 6

What supplies the circle of willis in dogs?

Cats?
Ruminants?

Answer 6

Internal carotids - rostral and caudal branches
Basilar artery - composite of vessels, ventral spinal artery with reinforcements of the vertebral artery

In cats and ruminants - the internal carotid is vestigial - the maxillary artery supplies the majority of the brain

Question 7

Describe the rete mirables, and how they differ in different animals?

Answer 7

Large wad of vasculature that helps supply the brain in cats and ruminants

Cats - external rete - near TMJ
Cattle - cranial and caudal rete mirable
Porcine - single intracranial rete

Question 8

How many (main) arteries are there that supply blood to the brain tissue?

What are they?

Answer 8

5 arteries

Rostral, middle, caudal cerebral

rostral/caudal cerebellar

Question 9

What specific parts of the brain do the cerebral and cerebellar arteries supply?

Answer 9

Rostral cerebral - rostromedial addorsal aspect of brain - tracts along dorsal aspect of corpus callosum
Middle - does the lateral side of the brain
Caudal cerebral - caudomedial aspect of the brain - tracks along the caudal aspect of the corpus callosum

Question 10

What is the main features of the venous drainage of the CNS?

Answer 10

Dorsal sagittal sinus - on midline along medial fissure - lives within the dura mater

Transverse sinus - caudal to occipital lobe, cranial to cerebellum

Confluence sinus - confluence of dorsal sagittal and transverse sinus

Straight sinus - confluence of greater/internal cerebral vein and corpus callosum vein

All eventually drain to the maxillary and linguofacial to form the external jugular

Question 11

How does the cervical spine receive its blood supply?

Answer 11

vertebral artery is one of the branches of the subclavian - sends 7 branches to the cervical spine via the intervertebral foramens

Question 12

How does the thoracic spinal cord receive its blood supply?

Answer 12

The intercostal arteries - branches of the aorta

Question 13

How does the lumbar spine receive its blood supply?

Answer 13

First 2 - arise from the thoracic aorta

Abdominal - last 5 arise from abdominal aorta

Question 14

How is blood drained form the spine?

Answer 14

Venous sinuses (paired structures) that widen over the disc spaces.