Echevarria and Graves Ch.5

Question 1

Hierarchy of Needs
“A Theory of Human Motivation”
(Abraham Maslow, 1943)

Answer 1

• personal needs are primary influences on an individual’s behavior, actions, motivations, and priorities
• motivated behavior results from pleasant or unpleasant tensions from experiences
• goal of a behavior is to reduce tension and behavior by appropriately satisfying need
• unsatisfied needs prime sources of motivation

Question 2

Hierarchy of Personal Needs

Answer 2

Level 1: Physical needs 
Level 2: Need for Safety
Level 3: Need for Belonging
Level 4: Need for Positive Self-Esteem
Level 5: Need for Self-Actualization

Question 3

What are the two methods of teaching?

Answer 3

1. Pedagogy– the art and science of teaching children

2. Andragogy– the art and science of helping adults learn

Question 4

Learning Strategy

Answer 4

• series of steps that can be repeated over and over to solve a problem/complete a task
• used as PART of a curriculum to improve content knowledge, academic, and life skills

Question 5

What are the two types of instruction?

Answer 5

1. Direct Instruction

2. Instructional Conversation

Question 6

Direct Instruction

Answer 6

• Teacher models and teacher centered
• Exact, specific answers
• Skills directed
• Easy to evaluate
• Step-by-step systematic instruction
• Guided/independent student practice
• No extensive teacher discussion
• Checks for student understanding
• Mastery of each step of learning

Question 7

Instructional Conversation

Answer 7

• Teacher facilitates some directed teaching
• Extensive teacher discussion & collaboration
• Teacher encourages many different ideas
• More student involvement and participation
• Teacher uses background student knowledge
• Fewer “yes” and “no” responses
• Lots of guided practice for understanding

Question 8

For Second Language Instruction, teachers must include direct and instructional conversation that is…?

Answer 8

• engaging the student’s interest
• Cognitively/mentally challenging
• Highly Interactive with participation

Question 9

Levels of Learning

most to least effective

Answer 9

actively doing, actively receiving and participating, passively visual receiving, passively verbal receiving

Question 10

How can you teach to promote greater memory and comprehension?

Answer 10

90% - what we both say and do (most effective)
70% - what we say
50% - what we hear and see
30% - what we see
20% - what we hear
10% of what we read (least effective)

Question 11

How do students learn best (most effective)?

Answer 11

doing the real thing; listening, reading, speaking, and writing and observing

Question 12

six types of instructional scaffolds

Answer 12

1. Modeling (most basic and important)
2. Contextualization
3. Bridging
4. Schema Building
5. Text Representation
6. Metacognitive Development

Question 13

characteristics of audio learners

Answer 13

• 24% of people
• very good at remembering what they hear
• may have difficulties remembering what was read
• hard to read facial & body language

Question 14

characteristics of visual learners

Answer 14

• 39% of people
• ability to remember written directions well when seen
• may be artistic
• may have difficulties focusing on lectures w/few visual clues

Question 15

characteristics of kinesthetic/tactile learners

Answer 15

• 37% of people
• need hands-on active learning (touch/feel)
• don’t require instruction to assemble something
• can have difficulties if they remain seated for long period of time
• may be athletic