Echevarria and Graves Ch.2

Question 1

Title VIII (1965)–
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

Answer 1

• allocated federal funds for primary and secondary schools and establishment of national curriculum
• focus of bill was children of low income, Native Americans, the neglected, migrant, homeless, and English language limited families

Question 2

Lau vs. Nichols (1974)

Answer 2

• Chinese speaking student in San Francisco claimed language needs not being accommodated, denying equal access to education
• Supreme Court Ruled: NOT equal to just supply facilities, text, teachers and curriculum for students who do not understand English
• recommended bilingual education for elementary grades and ESL for older students

Question 3

Equal Educational Opportunities Act (1974)

Answer 3

• extension of Lau decision to all public school districts
• “No state shall deny equal educational opportunity to an individual on account of his/her race, color, sex, or national origin…”

Question 4

Castaneda vs. Pickard (1981)

Answer 4

• Three criteria necessary to determine if an educational program is “appropriate” to overcome the language barriers of English Learners:
  (1) must use sound theory, research, and experts
  (2) support it with procedures, resources, and personnel
  (3) programs must overcome EL barriers and not leave them with substantive academic deficits

Question 5

Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) (1984)

Answer 5

• For students with disabilities, but also all students & EL persons with academic or behavioral problems
• Free Appropriate Public Education
• Non-discrimination evaluation
• Individual Education Program (IEP)
• Least Restrictive Environment
• Due process (court and mediation)
• Rights for parent participation

Question 6

State of CA Article 2 Prop 227 (1998)

“Unz Initiative”

Answer 6

• All children in California public school shall be taught English…in English language classes.
• Children shall be educated through Sheltered English immersion…schools shall mix English learners from different native language groups, but only with the same degree of English proficiency.
• Once they acquire good knowledge of English they shall be mainstreamed.

Question 7

5 Theories of Practice for Teaching ELs

Answer 7

1. Humanistic Learning Theory
2. Developmental Learning Theory
3. Social Interactionist Learning Theory
4. Cognitive Learning Theory
5. Behavioral Learning Theory