ECG Flashcards
- _- Italian scientist ___ realizes that electricity is associated with
the heart beat.
1842
Carlo Matteucci
- __- Irish scientist __analyzes the electric pattern of frog’s heart.
1876
M a r y
- _-___, credited for the invention of EKG
1895
William Einthoven
__ - using the string electrometer EKG, ___ diagnoses some
heart problems
1906
William Einthoven
- ___- the noble prize for physiology or medicine is given to __
for his work on EKG
1924
William Einthoven
- __ -__ AND __defined and position of chest leads
1938
AHA and Cardiac society of great Britain
*__-__ increased __ by 50% and made
1942
Goldberger
Wilson’s Unipolar lead voltage
- Is a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart
- Converts the heart’s electrical activity into
lines called “__ - Can be seen on a monitor or printed out paper
electrocardiogram or ECG
- waveforms
The reference level for measuring ST-segment deviation (depression or elevation) is not the
TP interval. The correct reference level is the __. This level is also called ___
PR segment
- baseline level or isoelectric level.
corrected QT duration men:__
≤ 0,45 s
Corrected QT duration women:
≤ 0,47 s
measurement of ST-segment
depression in exercise stress testing.
J-60 point
measurement of ST-segment elevation and
ST segment depression in most instances.
ل point
(distance between R-waves)
RR interval
(distance between P-waves)
PP interval
PR interval
0,12- 0,22 s
PURPOSE/IMPORTANCE
of ECG
Verify these alterations in__
-provides information about the _
- provides information about __
- heart rhythm
- specific type of heart disease
- which region in the heart is affected
REASON WHY ECG IS DONE
-If the patient had __
- If the patient has a medical condition that predisposes to heart disease, such as ,,,
- If the patient has other significant risk factors for _
- also required prior to _
- heart disease in the past
- hypertension, diabetes, high
cholesterol, or inflammatory disease - cardiac disease
- any type of heart surgery
INDICATIONS OF ECG
vheart arrhythmias
vconduction abnormalities
vMyocardial infarction
vCAD
vhypertrophic cardiomyopathy
vsigns of congenital electrical abnormalities
velectrolyte imbalances
vcongenital heart defects
vinfections involving the heart
RISK AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF ECG
ECG is a safe test that does not cause _
health complications
EXAMINATION PROTOCOL
1. Before the Examination
___
1. During the Test
* __- Once in position, a total of __ are attached with a sticky, but easy-to-remove adhesive. __ is placed on each arm and leg, and __ on the chest.
__- AFTER THE TEST the __ are removed
* There are__ on patient’s activity
* Rarely, the adhesive can cause __,
which may not be obvious until about__ after the test.
- No preparation required for taking ECG
- pre-Test
-ten electrodes - One electrode
- six
-POST TEST
-electrodes
- no limitations
-allergic reactions or rashes
24 hours
What to Expect During an Electrocardiogram
- __ are
attached to you - Electrodes transmit
__ to ECG machine - ECG machine creates wave
pattern representing
__
10 electrodes
heart’s electrical activity
heart’s rhythm
RESPONSIBILITIES OF ECG TECHNICIAN
1 The technicians should remind the patients to__
2.Remind the patient not to wear _ during
ECG.
3.Check the machine for_
4.Check if the machine is_
5.The technicians should ensure_while taking ECG
- lie flat and relaxed as possible
jewelries/metal
proper standardization
properly grounded
correct placement of leads
- Are applied at specific locations on
the patient’s chest wall and
extremities to view the heart’s
electrical activity from different
angles and planes
Electrodes
LEAD WIRES OR CABLE CONNECTIONS
1
2
- Clip
- Snap
- is a graph paper used to measure rate of impulse formation and the duration
of the electrical events that occur in the heart - Made up of vertical and horizontal lines,
which form large and small boxes
ECG paper
A ___ is a medical
test that is recorded using leads, or nodes,
attached to the body. Electrocardiograms,
sometimes referred to as ECGs, capture the electrical activity of the heart and transfer it to
graphed paper.
* The ECG is made up of 12 characteristic views of
the heart:
__
__
LEAD SYSTEM
- 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG)
- 6 from limb leads
- 6 from chest leads
6 LIMB LEAD
- 3 Bipolar limb leads
- 3 Unipolar Augmented leads
3 Bipolar limb leads
(Standard limb leads)- I, II, III
3 Unipolar Augmented leads
- (aVR, aVL, aVF)
- Obtained through 4 electrodes
placed on the RA,RL,LA,LL
6 CHEST LEADS
(V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6)
- Electrode positioned in the 4th intercostal space in the right sternal border
V1
4th ICS in the left sternal borde
V2-
- Midway between V2 and V4
ØV3
- 5th ICS in the left midclavicular line
ØV4
- Same level as V4, anterior axillary line
ØV5
- Same level as V4 and V5 ,midaxillary line
ØV6
is the first positive deflection
on the ECG
* It represents __/__
* Normal duration: __
P WAVE
- atrial depolarization /
contraction
- < 0.12 s (< 120ms or 3
small squares)
- In a __ , there should be a P
wave before each __
sinus rhythm
- QRS complex
Represents ventricular depolarization.
* Composed of 3 waves:
1
2
3
QRS COMPLEX
ØQ wave
ØR wave
ØS wave
is the first negative deflection.
ØQ wave
is the first positive deflection after the P wave.
ØR wave
is the negative deflection following R wave.
ØS wave
Measured from the beginning of P wave to the beginning of QRS complex.
PR INTERVAL
- The normal PR interval is__, represented by__
0.12 - 0.2 sec
- 3-5 small squares.
an isoelectric line representing early ventricular repolarization
ST SEGMENT
is the positive
deflection after each QRS
complex.
* It represents ventricular
repolarization.
T wave
- results from slow repolarization of _
- is a small__ deflection immediately following
the T wave, usually in the same
direction as the T wave
U WAVE
- ventricular Purkinje fibers
- (0.5 mm)
- represents total time required
for ventricular depolarization
& repolarization from the
beginning of QRS complex to
the end of T wave
QT INTERVAL
- normal QT interval is __
0.36 to 0.45 sec
- Atrial Depolarization. Represents the depolarization that PR spreads from the SA node throughout the atria.
P-Wave
reflects the time delay between atria and ventricular activation.
PR segment
Ventricular Depolarization. This is the largest wave because the ventricle contains the most muscle.
QRS COmplex
Is an interval between ventricular depolarization and
ventricular repolarization.
ST Segment
Ventricular Repolarization. It.s when the ventricular wall
relaxes and recovers from the contraction.
T-Wave
On __ he wrote “I had dissected and prepared a frog in the usual way and while I was attending to something else I laid it on a table on which stood on electrical machine at some distance from its conductor and was seperated from it by a considerable space. Suddenly when one of the persons present in there lightly touched the inner crural nerves of the frog with the point of scalpel, all the muscles of the legs seemed to contract again and again as if they were affected by powerful cramps.”
1786: Luigi Aloisio Galvani
- September 20th 1786
A Dutch doctor and physiologist. He has invented the first practical electrocardiogram and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in __ for it
NOW
Modern ECG machine
has evolved into compact electrocardiogram systems that often include computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram
1903 Willem Einthoven
- 1924
THE WIRING DIAGRAM OF THE HEART
- SA node fires.
- Excitation spreads through a trial myocardium.
- AV node fires.
- Excitation spreads down AV bundle.
- Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium
