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CFC > EBVM > Flashcards

EBVM Flashcards

1
Q

this is when ALL animals in a population are examined to find something out about the population

A

Census

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2
Q

this is when SOME of the animals in a population are examined to find something out about the population

A

sample survey

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3
Q

this refers to the entire group of interest in a survey (‘all cows in UK’)

A

target population

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4
Q

this refers to the animals we can (if we wish) include in a survey

A

study population

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5
Q

this refers to the ‘thing’ we are surveying

A

sampling unit

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6
Q

this is the list of all the animals in a study population

A

sampling frame

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7
Q

this is a sample where we choose which individuals to include

A

non-probability sampling

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8
Q

this is when we choose individuals for a survey because it is convenient (biased - not a goof representation of the population)

A

convenience sampling

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9
Q

this is when we choose individuals for a survey, but try to represent the population (good theory but still biased)

A

purposive sampling

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10
Q

this gives a deliberately unbiased and random sample

A

purposive sampling

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11
Q

this is when a sampling frame is made and a random subset is selected

A

simple random sampling

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12
Q

this is when there is no list of all individuals in a sampling frame available, so you create clusters, randomly select some clusters, then create a list of animals in the cluster and randomly sample some of them (less precise)

A

cluster sampling

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13
Q

this is when characteristics of a population that might be important are identified, then random samples are taken from the groups with the characteristic in proportion to their occurrence in the population (more precise)

A

stratified sampling

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14
Q

this refers to the ability of a survey to detect effects/relationships present

A

power

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15
Q

this is a range of values within which we are confident that the true population value lies (usual at a 95% level)

A

confidence interval

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16
Q

the sample size required for surveys demonstrating disease freedom depends on this

A

endemic prevalence

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17
Q

this scale of measurement is unordered categories (eye color, sex, religion, etc)

A

nominal

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18
Q

this scale of measurement is ordered categories (small -> medium -> large)

A

ordinal

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19
Q

this scale of measurement is counts of things, round numbers only

A

discrete

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20
Q

this scale of measurement is a numerical scale, fractions are allowed

A

continuous

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21
Q

this type of continuous data is where 0 is arbitrary (temp - 0C is 32F)

A

interval data

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22
Q

this type of continuous data is where 0 means nothing/none (weight)

A

ratio data

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23
Q

this is the chance of seeing the effect we saw in trial data if the null hypothesis was true

A

p-value

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24
Q

if the p-value is – the null must —

A

low, go

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25
Q

this type of error is when we conclude there is a difference when there is not one (reject a true null hypothesis)

A

type 1 error

26
Q

this type of error is when we fail to spot a difference that is really there (fail to reject a false null hypothesis)

A

type 2 error

27
Q

sample size and power of a study are (negatively or positively?) correlated

A

positively (bigger sample size = higher power)

28
Q

effect size and power of a study are (negatively or positively?) correlated

A

positively (bigger effect = greater power)

29
Q

individual variation and power of a study are (negatively or positively?) correlated

A

negatively (more indiv variation = less power)

30
Q

this type of study does not change anything in the animals they study; rely on variation in treatment and risk factor exposures that occur naturally

A

observational study

31
Q

this type of observational study is when a random sample of animals is taken at one time simultaneously assessing exposure to risk factor so prevalence of disease can be estimated in each group

A

cross-sectional study

32
Q

if the prevalence ratio = 1, this suggests …

A

no association of disease occurrence with risk factor

33
Q

if the prevalence ratio < 1, this suggests…

A

animals w/ exposure to risk factor are less likely to have disease

34
Q

if the prevalence ratio > 1, this suggests …

A

animals w/ exposure to risk factor are more likely to have disease

35
Q

this type of observational study classifies individuals from a random population sample into unexposed and exposed to a risk factor, then follows individuals over a period of time and records any developing disease

A

cohort study

36
Q

this is the measure of new cases of disease and can be estimated from cohort studies

A

incidence

37
Q

this is the proportion of healthy animals that become ill during the period of study in a cohort study

A

cumulative incidence

38
Q

this is the ratio of cumulative incidence in exposed group to control group

A

relative risk

39
Q

if relative risk > 1, this suggests…

A

exposure is associated with increased disease risk

40
Q

if relative risk < 1, this suggests…

A

exposure is associated with decreased disease risk

41
Q

this type of observational study is for rare diseases and asks to be informed about cases if a disease, then presence/absence of a putative risk factor is compared

A

case-control study

42
Q

these tell us the strength of association between a risk factor and disease

A

measures of association (prevalence ratio, relative risk, odds ratio)

43
Q

this shows us the chance of seeing an association we observed between a risk factor and disease IF there is really no association (null hypothesis is true) - helps make sure we are not fooled by chance

A

statistical hypothesis test

44
Q

this is when 2+ risk factors together have a different effect of disease risk than what we would expect from knowledge of individual effects

A

interaction

45
Q

this is when the effects of exposure on a given outcome are mixed with effects if an additional factor resulting in distortion of true relationship

A

confounding

46
Q

this type of study is when we manipulate treatment of individuals to assess the efficacy of a treatment

A

clinical trial

47
Q

this type of clinical trial is when therapy is given to some animals and the outcomes are assessed

A

uncontrolled trial

48
Q

this type of clinical trial compares outcomes in a treated group with another group

A

controlled trial

49
Q

this type of controlled clinical trial compares the treatment group with parallel control group at same time

A

concurrent control group

50
Q

this type of controlled clinical trial compares treatment group with control group in past, possibly from another study

A

historic control group

51
Q

this type of control group is untreated

A

negative control

52
Q

this type of control group is given a known, effective treatment

A

positive control

53
Q

this type of control group is given a substance/therapy with no known therapeutic effect

A

placebo control

54
Q

this is when the patient/owner doesn’t know which group they’re in, done to prevent bias

A

single blinding

55
Q

this is when the patient/owner AND investigator/vet doesn’t know which groups are which, done to prevent bias

A

double blinding

56
Q

this type of clinical trial compares treatment groups to a control group, quick and satisfactory

A

simple trial

57
Q

this type of clinical trial compares a treatment group to a control group for a period of time then swaps the groups, finer and more sensitive/powerful

A

cross-over trial

58
Q

this type of clinical trial randomly allocates patients to treatment or control group when they are identified with the disease then progress is monitored

A

sequential trial

59
Q

this is reported as the etiological fraction and is the prevalence reduction in vaccinated vs unvaccinated animals divided by the prevalence in unvaccinated animals

A

vaccinal efficacy

60
Q

this is reported as reduction in parasite numbers between untreated and treated animals divided by the parasite numbers in untreated animals

A

ectoparasite efficacy

CFC (6 decks)

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