Ebm

Question 1

thalidomide

Answer 1

Critical period is 4-6 weeks
They present with no arms but normal sie hands generally (phocomelia)
Used to treat leprosy and multiple myeloma nowadays but never in pregnant women

Question 2

DES

Answer 2

Female offspring of DES treated women get adenocarcinoma of the vagina shortly after menopause.
Critical period is first trimester
This is an example of a teratogen that can affect the fetus when they are an adult
Vaginal bleeding and weight loss were also associated with this cancer in daughters in this small sample size. This would be a bias of indication and you could use stratification to statistically analyze data

Question 3

FOAD (Fetal origins of adult diseases)

Answer 3

May cause intrauterine growth restriction of teratogen presents in weeks 16-38.

Question 4

Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

Answer 4

exposure to teratogens early in the child’s life can also impact them.
malnutrition, drugs, alcohol, smoking, toxic chemicals

Question 5

Organophosphates (OP)

Answer 5

There was a study at:
Columbia - concentration of OPs associated with high birth weight and length in highest vs. lowest exposure
California Children’s Environmental HEalth Research at UCal + Mt. SInai - Op concentration in mother associated with high Bayley mental development scores - WTF? One would think this is backwards

Looked at correlation between high exposure to these OPs and behavior. One association we saw was higher rates of ADHD in children of mothers who had high OP concentration. We also saw a significantly reduced IQ score of 7 points.
Inhibit AcetylCholineEsterase (ACE) which causes an increase in acetylcholine.

Question 6

Mercury

Answer 6

2 studies were done looking at eating fish and birth defects in the babies. One study said there was no effect (Saychelles) and one study said there was an effect (Faroe Islands-Harvard).

Question 7

Polychlorinated Biphenols

Answer 7

Pre-natal exposure leads to decrease in cognitive function.

Question 8

Lead Poisening

Answer 8

Really high levels can cause death. Lower levels can cause loss in IQ points. It harms the child because the dad will come home with lead on him and expose it to the child in the house. Also causes them to be distracted, unorganized, impulsive, unable to follow directions.

Question 9

Consequences of everyone having a 3 point lower IQ?

Answer 9

Because the IQ scores are normally distributed and we see only about .13% of people are below 55, if we were to lower everyone by 3, then you would have a significantly higher percentage of people who are below 55. You would also have less people over 145.

Question 10

rubella and congenital rubella sybdrome

Answer 10

CRS - Disease characterized by the classic triad of : sensineural deafness, congenital heart disease, and ocular abnormalities

Critical window for rubella is in the 3-8 week