EATING BEHAVIOUR- success and failure of dieting Flashcards
what are diets like?
most are short term only
what are the 4 reasons as to why diets could work?
motivation,goals,lifestyle change, health
what are the 4 reasons as to why diets dont work?
cravings,conflict,lack of excercise/results= demotivation,can reduce food intake (longterm)
what actually is dieting?
placing a cognitive limit on food intake that is less that person would normally eat
what are most diets designed to do?
fail
what is the percentage of f that diet at some point at age of 40?
70%
what is the diet industry worth?
multi bill
what is it with females and the diet?
most females are dissatisfied with body shape
what did ogden suggest as to why f dissati? (4)
ethnicity
family
media
social class
what did ogden say with ethnicity for f dissat?
cross culture freq of eating problems is proportional to western world media exposure
what did ogden say with family for f dissat?
relationship btw mum and daughter w body diss (model) slt
what did ogden say with media for f dissat?
in the last 50 yrs images show thinner models
what did ogden say with social class for f dissat?
in past eating d associated with higher class.now even more spread across groups
what is not an ogden study suggest about f and body diss?
peers act as models (slt). dieting may become norm of friendship gp.
what is body weight influenced by?
genes
what does twin & adoption studies suggest?
heritability is responsible for 40-70% of weight
who used twin & adoption study for bodyweight?
stroebe
what idea does twin & adoption studies give?
nature v nurture
twin & adoption study in depth -bodyweight?
- expression of these genes= unclear. genes may influence appetite regulation metabolic rate or number of fat cells we have
- also link with external influences (ogden) obesity increased since exercise down. overweight more than just over eating
what did ashmore et al say about being overweight?
being overweight=more likely to get heart disease/type 2 diabetes etc plus prejudice within western society
what is theory used as to why we diet?
restraint theory
who thought of restrained theory?
herman & collegues
what did ogden say as to why we diet?
dont diet not cause worried for longterm but bc body diss
who suggested the 3 factors that promote overeating?
herman et al (2008)
what are the 3 factors that promote overeating?
distress,craving,preloading
how does distress promote overeating?
triggers overeating in restrained eaters not those with eating concerns
what did herman & polivy say with restrained eaters?
look at restrained and unrestrained eaters. when p led to believe= electric shock restrained ate more than less. more pronounced when distress is personal (so moods) rather than physical threat
synoptic of herman and polivy study?
low mood= cravings for food rich in trytophan-serotonin- makes us feel good- could link topic too
what is craving?
desire for certain food
how does craving promote overeating?
more likely in dieters and restrained eaters. reason unknown -do cravings induce restrained eating/is consequence of dieting?
what did they use for craving?
pre loaded tasks
what does pre-load mean?
when give p small amounts of food before being offered other food (e.g amunts,types)
what did herman et al say in association with pre load?
where p given food before free access to food. pre load should suppress appetite.
who does preload suppress appetite more with & why ?
non dieters than dieters because non can regulate food intake more and dieters dont know how to switch hunger off
what herman & mack say in association with pre load?
once a dieter has eaten the dieter feels they have blown it for day and just eat.
A02 for restraint theory/ preload?
herman /7polivy (boundary model)
what type of explanation is boundary model?
bip psychological exp
what does boundary model suggest?
our body has set point which predetermined by our biology. we try to maintain through what we eat. if we go on diet= imposing cog boundary that below our bodyweight set point
so what is the boundary model overall?
combo of psychological & physiological (cognitive proces
so what is the boundary model overall?
combo of psychological & physiological (cognitive proces)
what can you also link with bundary model?
link between bmi- more higher weight + to break point)
in restrained eaters the control is undermined by what 2 things?
- cognitive regulation- rather than biological
2. gap widens when people change btw overeating and dieting (stroebe)
why are dietiers less sensitive to because of this?
hungery and satiety (boundary is crossed)
evaluation of restraint theory point 1?
diets are centered on restrained eating therefore we suffer cognitive conflict (penguins) when we told not to eat we eat
evaluation of restraint theory point 2?
cannot exp why anorexia individ can successfully restrain eating
evaluation of restraint theory point 3?
biological bundary should make them eat as should be stronger than cog
evaluation of restraint theory point 3?
biological boundary should make them eat as should be stronger than cog
evaluation of restraint theory point 3?
biological boundary should make them eat as should be stronger than cog
evaluation of restraint theory point 4?
must be more complex than just restraining therefore requires interactionist approach
what is interactionist approach?
other things affecting not just biology/psychology like lifestyle affecting dieting
evaluation of restraint theory point 5?why is lab research good?
controlled,no ev’s (individ control what eat). (cause & effect relationship) however lack eco validity and demand c’s.
is dieting successful- what is the biggest predictor of weight loss?
excercise
is dieting successful?
if it was we wouldnt have many diff types
is dieting effective?
most dieters lose weight then gain (yoyo)
studies supporting effective diets? (4)
heatherton et al
ogden
hardeman
ogden
what did heatherton et al suggest?
found weight fluctuation in no obese restrained eaters too
what did ogden suggest?
dieting more likely to negotiate physical and psychological consequences than weight loss
what did hardeman suggest?
result of regular excercise & increased physical activity
what did ogden suggest?
look at factors associated with (t weight loss)
q used to assess dieting success & maintenance of weight loss (study)-outline?
3 grps- 1.58 stable obes 2. 40 weight loss regainers 3. 44 weight loss maintences
what was found in the 3 groups?
weight loss maintainers were those lighter before dieting,were older and had been dieting longer. also motivated to lose weight for psychological reasons e.g boost self esteem etc.
what was also found (3)?
- no diff btw gps in their contact w health pros and help with weight loss
- weight maintainers were less likely to suggest medical exp for obesity
- agreed obesity due to psychological factors e.g depression, etc and more likely to say that motivation to lose weight was psychological rather than pressure from others/medical reasons.
what is the importance of denial?
works on idea that when we try to deny ourselves food, suppress our thoughts -think about it more
who supported importance of denial and what did he say?
weigner- theory of ironic processes of mental control - more we made not to think about something we critically think about it
what happened in weigner et al study?
asked not to think about white bear-if they clicking bell
control group asked to think about bear and ring bell if did. those that ask not to think rang more often
what did ogden say with denial?
some w/dieters trying to forget about forbidden foods = become preoccupied with them
what did ogden and hills say with denial?
interviewed & successful lovers/maintainers found that much weight loss was triggered by life events e.g divorce etc
what did ogden and hills say with denial in depth? (5)
became long term change if
- agreed that behaviour important contrib to obesity
- they reduced their choice of what /when to eat
3) saw a reduction in the beliefs of function of eating
4) created a new identity so no longer a (fathy)
5) so successful dieting is what we do ples what we believe
what are the 7 reasons as to why dieting may fail?
1) if weight loss is slow then motivation decreases (body may have admitted to reduce calorie intake)
2) early start of diet, body will reatin more fat due to restriction (famine hypothes)
3) may be unable to overcome genetic influence
4) requires lifestyle change as well as change to eating
5) insecure obesity threat to healthy may need surgical intervention (gastric band)
6) type of diets affect succes- food mood project
7) nolen-hoersema-fimo capsed with low mood= binge eating = 80% develop depression within 5 yrs
what did food mood project find?
found that low calorie diets lead to anxiety and other mental disorders.
when do diets succeed and case for it?
redden (2008)- to be successful we need to pay attention to detail. so what we eat= less boring uk 135 p - 22 jely beans 1 at home.
how many groups in redden study and what happened?
2 gps- gp 1- general info flashed on screen about bean
gp 2- specific detail e.g flabour
g1- bored faster
g2- enjoyed task more
what does redden study support?
imprtants to detail
what are the 3 synop points for eval of success and failure?
approach, gender bias, ethnocentric
why approach synop point?- eval of success and failure
dieting success failure at both cog and biological exp based around diet e.g cog conflict
genetics because some people aren’t in control how much weight gain due to fat cells
why gender bias synop point?- eval of success and failure
more research to show it is only childrens moms who value daughters to become diss with bodies slt)
maybe incorrect generalisation to men = beta bias
why ethnocentric synop point?- eval of success and failure
some countries dont diet due to lack of media influence on diss of body image (mainly western)
individualist (collectivist cultures)