Earthquakes and volcanos Flashcards
What are the seismic waves that cause particles of rock to move in a side-to-side direction called?
S waves
What is the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape called?
Elastic rebound
What are seismic waves that cause particles of rock to move in a back-and-forth motion called?
P waves
What are waves of energy that travel through Earth away from an earthquake in all directions called?
seismic waves
what is the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth’s crust; the change in the shape of rock in response to stress called?
deformation
What is the branch of earth science devoted to studying earthquakes called?
Seismology
Most earthquakes happen at the edges of _________
tectonic plates
Which of the following is not a type of plate motion?
a) transform motion b) convergent motion
c) divergent motion d) rebound motion
d) rebound motion
a break in Earth’s crust along which blocks of crust slide relative to one another is?
a fault
which of the following is a type of body wave?
a) shear wave b) surface wave
c) reverse wave d) transform wave
a) shear wave
What is the name of the instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake?
seismograph
what is a tracing of earthquake motion that is created by a seismograph called?
seismogram
what is the name of the scale used to measure earthquake damage?
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
what is the point on Earth surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point called?
epicenter
what is the name of the scale used to measure earthquake strength?
Richter magnitude scale
what is the simplest method used to find an earthquake’s epicenter?
the S-P time method
What is another word for an earthquake’s strength?
magnitude
how much more ground motion does an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 have than one with a magnitude of 4.0?
100 times as much
what do you call a measurement of how likely an area is to have a damaging earthquake
earthquake hazard
what do you call the hypothesis based on the idea that a major earthquake is more likely to occur along the part of an active fault where no earthquakes have occurred for a certain period of time?
gap hypothesis
what do you call an area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently but where strong earthquakes have occurred in the past?
seismic gap
what do you call the process of making older structures more earthquake resistant?
retrofitting
what is something that helps keep water and gas lines from breaking in an earthquake?
flexible pipe
what is something that acts as a shock absorber for a building during an earthquake?
base isolator
what is a weight located at the bottom of a building to help offset building movement?
active tendon system
what is a weight placed in the roof of a building to counteract building movement?
mass damper
what is the best thing to do if you are inside when an earthquake begins?
crouch under a table or desk
when should you return to your home after an earthquake?
when someone in authority tells you to
molten rock underground is called
magma
magma that flows on the Earth’s surface
lava
dust-sized particles of hardened lava are called
ash
magma that is blasted into the air and hardens is called
pyroclastic material
vent on earth’s surface through which magma and gases are expelled is called
volcano
a crack or opening in the Earth’s crust is called
vent
which of the following would you expect to see during a Non Explosive eruption?
a) hot debris, ash, and gas shooting into the air
b) molten rock blowing into the air
c) calm lava flows
d) violent explosions
c) calm lava flows
Pillow lava does what?
forms when lava erupts under water
Lava with a high viscosity
is thick like pudding
large blobs of magma that harden in the air are called
volcanic bombs
long cracks in the Earth’s crust are called
rifts
a funnel shaped pit near a volcano’s central vent are called
crater
a large, semicircular depression over a magma chamber is called
caldera
a wide, flat landform; usually covers a large area
lava plateau
a large depression that forms when the magma chamber partially empties is a
caldera
a combination of explosive and nonexplosive eruptions will creat a
composite volcano
what does a cinder cone volcano look like?
has steep slopes
a shield volcano is sometimes called what?
a stratovolcano
which of the following would you expect after an explosive eruption?
a) warmer temperatures b) darkened skies
c) calm lava flows d) clear skies
b) darkened skies
What is an active volcano doing?
is currently erupting or will erupt very soon
in the future what will an extinct volcano do?
will probably never erupt again
what will a dormant volcano do in the future
Might erupt again
A set of deep cracks between tech tonic plates is called
A rift zone
Columns of rising magma are called
Mantle plumes
What do you call the area where tectonic plates separate
The divergent boundary
What do you call the area where tectonic plates collide
A convergent boundary
What do you call the area with underwater volcanoes and mountains
A mid ocean ridge
What do you call a volcanically active area that is not near a tectonic plate boundary
A hot spot
Which of the following best describes subduction?
A) movement of tectonic plates away from each other
B) movement of one tectonic plate against another
C) movement of one tectonic plate under another
D) side-by-side movement of two tectonic plates
C) movement of one tectonic plate under another
