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Periodical Test Review > Earth Science Q1 > Flashcards

Earth Science Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

Six Things That Make Life Possible on Earth

A

● location is far from hazards
● the sun is stable
● right distance from the sun
● able to host a dynamic core
● moon’s ability to stabilize axial wobble
● ozone layer to block harmful rays

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2
Q

→ located in orion-cygnus arm which is a minor arm (less stars = less possible collisions = less hazards)
→ far from galactic core (black hole)
→ jupiter as a protective shield fby blocking and sweeping away debris that could threaten life

A

● location is far from hazards

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3
Q

→ because of the right size and young age (younger = smaller = more years to live = stable)

A

● the sun is stable

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4
Q

→ located in the goldilocks zone which has the right temp

A

● right distance from the sun

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5
Q

→ the interstellar cloud that formed earth contained radioactive elements, which power the planet’s core and generate a magnetic field
→ this magnetic field is vital for protecting earth from solar wind and harmful radiation

A

● able to host a dynamic core

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6
Q

→ the gravitational pull pulls the earth to stay on its axis
→ gravitational pull also helps create tidal waves

A

● moon’s ability to stabilize axial wobble

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7
Q

→ ozone shields us from harmful UV radiation
→ 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and GH gases supports life by trapping heat and burning up meteors
→ thinner atmosphere would lead to meteors reaching the surface, causing widespread destruction

A

● ozone layer to block harmful rays

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8
Q
  • thinner atmosphere generally leads to lower temperatures
  • less atmospheric thickness means reduced capacity to trap heat through the greenhouse effect
  • more heat escapes into space, causing the planet to become colder
A

+ atmos -temp

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9
Q
  • influences how quickly atoms, molecules or organisms move
  • the earth’s temperature is just right
  • low temp = slow chem reactions, forms ice
  • high temp = break down of important biological molecules
A

● temperature

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10
Q
  • one of the important ingredients in the different biological processes
A

● water

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11
Q
  • insulation or shielding from the sun and impact of small to medium size meteorites
  • right size and distance from the sun that permits it to have the right amount
  • greenhouse (CO2, CH4) traps heat, making the earth warm
  • ozone (O3) layer shields the Earth’s surface from harmful UV
A

● atmosphere

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12
Q
  • plants and photosynthetic bacteria use light as the source of their energy
  • chemosynthetic organisms rely on chemical energy
A

● energy

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13
Q
  • essential factor used to build and maintain an organism’s body structure
  • too much/less can impede the synthesis of the different biological molecules
A

● nutrients

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14
Q

Earth is comprised of four major smaller systems known as subsystems. these are also called as spheres of the earth.
these are the _________, __________, ___________, and _________.

A

atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

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15
Q

set of interconnected components or elements that work
together as a whole to achieve a specific function or purpose

A

●systems

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16
Q
  • greek word “atmos” (gas)
  • 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and 0.10% is made up of different trace gases and vapor
  • protection form harmful UV rays and through the greenhouse gasses
A

Atmosphere

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17
Q

gets colder upwards, 0-10km, weather and climate

A

troposphere

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18
Q
  • gets hotter upwards, 10-50km, ozone layer
A

stratosphere

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19
Q
  • gets colder upwards, 80km, coldest layer, where meteors burn (MMM)
A

mesosphere

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20
Q

-48 to 965km, where electron, ionized atoms and molecules occur

A

Ionosphere

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21
Q
  • gets hotter upwards, 600km, hottest layer, where auroras happen, ionosphere
A

thermosphere

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22
Q
  • gets colder upwards, 10000km, satellites
A

exosphere

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23
Q
  • greek word “geos” (ground)
  • about the earth’s solid parts (incl. oceanic crusts)
A

geosphere

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24
Q

Geosphere divided in to three layers

A

→ crust
→ mantle
→ core

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25
Q
  • greek word “hydro” (water)
  • composed of all the water in any form: ice, water vapor, underground water, and liquid water
    → earth is the only known planet to contain all three
  • 75% of earth is water - 3% fresh, 95% salt
A

Hydrosphere

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26
Q
  • greek word “bios” (life)
  • includes all living organisms, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed
  • extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere where insects and birds can be found
  • extends to the deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms can still survive
  • where most interactions between different subsystems are most dynamic
A

Biosphere

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27
Q
  • alleyways for the four subsystems by which substances move through biotic
  • involve the transport and transformation of matter across different parts of the planet
  • circulation of important nutrients that form and support life like C, O, N, P, CA, and water
A

● biogeochemical cycles

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28
Q

the sun heats water, turning it into water vapor, which rises into the atmosphere.

A

→ evaporation

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29
Q

water from plants is also evaporated into the atmosphere.

A

→ transpiration

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30
Q

water vapor cools and turns back into liquid, forming clouds.

A

→ condensation

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31
Q

water falls back to earth as rain, hail, or snow.

A

→ precipitation

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32
Q

some of the water soaks into the ground, entering the geosphere

A

→ infiltration

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33
Q

water flows into lakes, rivers, and streams, eventually evaporating again, continuing again

A

→ runoff

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34
Q
  • processes that move matter and energy from one sphere to another
  • subsystems affect and interact in the geosphere (mostly…)
  • one minor change in one subsystem will greatly affect other subsystems since it is connected
A

● sphere interactions

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35
Q
  • naturally made
  • inorganic
  • solid
  • crystalline structure
  • specific chemical composition
A

Minerals

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36
Q
  • least useful property
  • minerals can have the same color
  • minerals is highly visible
  • color can alter by chemical composition
A

color

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37
Q
  • color of mineral in powdered form
  • non metallic usually have white streak
A

streak

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38
Q
  • ability of a mineral to break along planes
A

cleavage

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39
Q
  • ability of mineral to resist scratching
  • mohs scale
A

hardness

40
Q
  • breaks unevenly/irregularly
A

fracture

41
Q
  • how mineral surface reflects light
    → metallic - shinny
    → non-mettalic - dull and transparent
A

luster

42
Q
  • characteristic shape of a mineral unit which
    are visible
  • isometric, tetragonal, othorhombic
A

crystal form

43
Q
  • the “heaviness” of a mineral.
  • measure of density of mineral
  • ratio of density of mineral to density of
    water (1 g/cm^3)
A

Specific Gravity

44
Q
  • contains silicon and oxygen
  • most abundant (90% of earth’s crust)
A

● silicate

45
Q
  • contain iron or magnesium
A

→ ferromagnesian

46
Q
  • does not contain iron/magnesium
A

→ non ferromagnesian

47
Q
  • does not contain silicon and oxygen
A

● non silicate

48
Q
  • metals, alloys, non-metals
  • single element
A

native elements

49
Q
  • carbonates, nitrates, borates
A

carbonates

50
Q
  • composed of anions of halogens
  • cl, f, br, i
A

halides

51
Q
  • oxides, hydroxides
A

oxides

52
Q
  • phosphates, arsenates, vanadates,
    antimonates
A

phosphates

53
Q
  • sulfur and oxygen
A

sulfates

54
Q
  • sulfides, selenides and arsenides
A

sulfides

55
Q
  • silicate tetrahedron
A

silicates

56
Q
  • aka magmatic rocks
  • formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
A

igneous

57
Q
  • faster rate of solidification of on the surface of the earth
  • glassy in appearance due to less crystallization
  • vesicular due to the air that was trapped inside
  • ex. andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite
A

● extrusive igneous

58
Q
  • formed from the solidification of magma below the surface
  • slow process of crystallization in a magma
  • ex. granite, diorite, gabbro, pegmatite
A

● intrusive

59
Q
  • deposition and cementation of mineral or organic particles
  • process: undergoes weathering → erosion/transportation → deposition → compaction →
    cementation
A

sedimentary

60
Q
  • formed by the mechanical weathering debris of rocks
  • classified by size: coarse, medium, fine
A

● clastic

61
Q
  • has two types:
    → chemical - from solutions; ex. halites
    → organic - from remains of plants/animals; ex. coal
A

● non-clastic

62
Q
  • from existing rock types called “parent rock”
  • has a process called metamorphism, which means a change in form
A

metamorphic rocks

63
Q
  • small scale
  • non-foliated
  • ex. the rocks surrounding the magma chamber
A

● contact (main factor: heat)

64
Q
  • large scale
  • foliated rocks
  • ex. when rocks converge to form mountains
A

● regional (main factor: pressure)

65
Q
  • concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest
A

mineral occurrence

66
Q
  • mineral occurrence of sufficient size and/or grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions
A

mineral deposit

67
Q
  • mineral deposit that has been tested and known to be economically profitable
A

ore deposit

68
Q
  • high economic value
A

ore minerals

69
Q
  • low to no economic value
A

gange minerals

70
Q
  • interest - how well will it sell?
  • size of the deposit - how big?
  • mineral concentration - how many?
  • mineral depth - how deep?
  • market value - rare or not?
A

factors affecting mineral economic value

71
Q
  • formed during crystallization of magma
  • host rock can range from ultramafic to felsic
  • primary means:
    a. gravitational settling - heavier metals sink
    b. differentiation - homogenous body of magma evolves to compositionally varied suite of rock
    → crystal fragmentation - rate of crystallization
    → partial melting - wax and pebbles
    → magma mixing - mixing due to density
    → assimilation - contamination of surrounding rock to the og magma
    c. immiscible separation - two or more liquids separate due to differences in chem/phys properties
A

● magmatic ore deposits

72
Q
  • hot, mineral-rich water circulates fractures and pores in rocks, concentrating and depositing minerals
  • process: ground water contacts igneous rock → mineral residue dissolves w/water → the mineral-rich water travel long
    distances from heat source, carrying dissolved minerals with them → minerals precipitate and crystallize → ore forms
A

● hydrothermal

73
Q
  • sifting the water
  • occurs between ripples, riverbeds, etc
A

● placer deposits

74
Q
  • results of chemical weathering in warm tropical climates with high rainfall and temperature
  • process: minerals oxidize and breakdown → water transports downwards → less oxygen leads to precipitation →
    secondary ore which has higher value forms
A

● secondary enrichment

75
Q
  • produced by contact metamorphism
A

● metamorphic deposits

76
Q
  • extraction of minerals
A

mining

77
Q
  • to extract minerals near the surface of the earth
    TYPES:
  • open pit - most common; the pit is created by blasting
  • strip - removing the overlying soil and rock (called the “overburden”) to expose the mineral layer
  • quarrying
A

Surface Mining

78
Q

-miners need to make a tunnel to reach the ore minerals

A

Underground Mining

79
Q

→ prospecting or exploration - looking for the ore body
→ drilling - extracting to determine its amount and quality
→ modeling - determining ore’s size, shape, and grade distribution to apply appropriate mining methods & precautions
→ identifying and assessing the potential impacts - considering the social and environmental aspects
→ designing and constructing the mine - creating appropriate mine/operational design, construction permits &
licenses
→ ore extraction - separation of high-grade ores
→ milling - crushing and concentration of ores; waste materials are released
milling or recovery methods/processes
heavy media separation - heavier minerals sink thus separated from the other solids

magnetic - separating magnetic minerals using a powerful magnet
flotation - powdered ore is placed into a slurry where light minerals ay kumakapit sa bubbles making them go up Cyanide heap leaching - low-grade ore is sprayed with cyanide solution making them making minerals melt and combine with the solution which is later on extracted
→ mine site decommissioning - closure of the depleted mine; land is reclaimed and rehabilitated

A

Process of Mining

80
Q
  • chemical and biological form of energy
  • developed from the remains of ancient living things, mostly plants
  • burned to produce heat, light, electricity, and other forms of energy
  • three main categories of fossil fuels: coal oil, and natural gas
  • different fossil fuels formed depending on the action of four factors:
    → organic matter source
    → time
    → pressure
    → heat
  • originated during the carboniferous period of the paleozoic era
A

Fossil Fuel

81
Q
  • “carboniferous” means coal-bearing, and “paleozoic” refers to ancient life.
  • paleozoic era occurred from 541 - 252 million yrs ago, lasting 289 million years
  • carboniferous period occurred from 359 - 299 million years ago, lasting 60 million years
  • the carboniferous period is one of six periods of the paleozoic era
  • the paleozoic era is one of ten eras in earth’s geologic time
  • characterized by swamps with thriving large trees, giant ferns, and other plants.
  • layers of plant and animal remains built up, eventually covered by layers of sand, silt, minerals, and sedimentary rock
A

Carboniferous Period

82
Q
  • black combustible rock made up of elemental carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and varying amounts of sulfur
  • formed from the remains of plants; buried under oxygen-poor or anoxic conditions
  • from heat and pressure
  • goes thru four stages (based on carbon, ash, moisture):
    → peat - decay of vegitative, < 60% carbon, less heat thus ashy
    → lignite - aka brown coal, 65-70% carbon, spontaneous combustion
    → bitumen - sedimentary rock composed of 70-86% carbon thus high calorific value
    → anthracite - considered to be metamorphic, highest form of coal due to 86-98% carbon, ignites slowly
A

Coal

83
Q
  • naturally occurring liquid composed of hydrocarbons, and is found in
    geologic formations underneath earth’s surface
  • derived from large quantities of microscopic aquatic organisms
  • settled at the bottom of seas or lakes where they were buried under fine
    sediments in anoxic conditions
  • pressure and temperature increased, transforming the organic matter
    into kerogen (a waxy material).
  • Through a process called catagenesis, kerogen eventually turned into hydrocarbons, forming petroleum.
  • forms within a specific depth, pressure, and temperature range known as “oil window”.
A

petroleum

84
Q
  • carbon that is locked in the fossil fuels does not cycle through earth
  • however, when fossil fuels are burned, the stored carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
A

fossil fuels and the carbon cycl

85
Q

1 → earth formation (4.5 billion years ago) - space dust and rocks collide and melt due to friction and impact.

2 → crust formation - the outer layer cools and solidifies, creating the earth’s crust (where life exists today).

3 → hot mantle movement - beneath the crust, the mantle (molten rock) moves in a cycle through convection:

4 → cracks in the crust - mantle movement causes cracks and fissures in the crust. (these areas have volcanoes and geothermal activity.)

5 → water seepage - rainwater seeps deep into the ground and collects in pockets beneath the surface.

6 → geothermal reservoirs - in geologically active areas, the water is heated by magma from the mantle, creating geothermal reservoirs.

7 → steam rises - heated water turns into steam and rises through cracks in the crust (e.g., geysers).

8 → geothermal power - geothermal power plants tap into the rising steam to generate electricity

A

geothermal energy

86
Q

why most geothermal plants are constructed in areas near a volcano (high temp)

A

heat

87
Q

-heat turns this water into steam
→ binary fluids are used if heat is insufficient

A

water

88
Q
  • path for the fluid to travel from the geothermal reservoir to the surface
A

production well

89
Q
  • temperature in the reservoir is very high that water is turned to steam
  • oldest type
A

● dry steam power plant

90
Q
  • most common
  • uses water of at least 200c
  • high-pressure hot water is released into a lower-pressure environment and is then rapidly converted into steam
A

● flash power plant

91
Q
  • use binary fluid
    → binary fluids are fluids that are of lower boiling point than water.
  • used because the water’s temperature is less than 200c and is not enough to vaporize the water
  • since it still carries geothermal energy, the heat from the water is transferred to the binary fluid which
    transforms it to vapor through a heat exchanger
A

● binary power plants

92
Q

→ water, comprising 71% of earth’s surface, is replenished daily through the water cycle. inland bodies of water, particularly those
from higher elevations, possess kinetic energy that humans have harnessed since civilization. today, natural water flow can be
stopped to store potential energy.

A

flowing water as energy source

93
Q

→ hydroelectric power plants convert water’s mechanical energy into electrical energy by constructing dams over naturally flowing water. the dam stores the higher-level water, known as the reservoir, which stores potential energy. once the reservoir is filled, water flows through the penstock, a long pipe that carries the water to the power generation unit. the penstock directs the water to a turbine, which activates a generator to produce electricity. the generated current is converted into a higher-voltage current in a transformer, minimizing energy waste

A

how is it harnessed?

94
Q
  • do not create huge dams to block off the natural flow of the water
  • rely on the actual and natural flow of the water.
  • during droughts and dry seasons, there may be less electricity since
    there is less flow of water
A

Types of Hydroelectric Powerplants
Run of the River

95
Q
  • the natural flow of the water is blocked to elevate one side and
    increase the water level, thus increasing the potential energy stored
  • more reliable in producing more consistent amount of electrical
    energy
A

Dam

Periodical Test Review (6 decks)

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