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EASA Navigation > Earth, charts, time, magnetic compass and directions > Flashcards

Earth, charts, time, magnetic compass and directions Flashcards

1
Q

perihelion

A

where earth is closest to the sun

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2
Q

aphelion

A

where earth is farthest from the sun

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3
Q

Solar days in a year

A

365.24

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4
Q

Axial tilt

A

Earth tilt compared to the sun 23.5 degrees

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5
Q

Longitude

A

Lines connecting the polars

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6
Q

Latitude

A

Lines horizontally to the earth

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7
Q

Summer solstice

A

In the northern hemiphsphere, where the earths tilt towards the sun it at maximum extent

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8
Q

meridian of longitude

A

Semicircle joining the poles

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9
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Zero longitude, passes on Greenwich time (London)

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10
Q

Anti-meridian

A

The opposite side of prime merdiain, 180E/W

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11
Q

parallel of latitude

A

a line parallel to the equator

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12
Q

Meridian examples

A

30E, 30W

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13
Q

Parallels examples

A

30N 30S

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14
Q

True north parallel

A

90N

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15
Q

True south parallel

A

90S

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16
Q

A great circle

A

A line that passes through the center of earth

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17
Q

Examples of great circles

A

All meridians, the equator, and path followed by radio waves

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18
Q

Great circle two important properties

A
  • The shortest distance between any two points.
  • Only one great circle can be drawn between two points, unless they are antipodal or on opposite sides of the earth
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19
Q

small circle

A

A circle that does not pass on earth center.

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20
Q

Examples of small circles

A

All parallels except for the equator

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21
Q

Rhumb line

A

A line that maintains a constant angle at each meridian crossed

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22
Q

Why rhumb line is important compared to great circles

A

The bearing of the track in a great circle will change continously in flight (passing merdiains at different angles). Rhumb line avoids that.

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23
Q

1 minute of latitude equals to?

A

1nm

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24
Q

60 minutes of latitude equals to

A

60nm

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25
Q

1 degree of latitude equals to

A

60nm

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26
Q

Latitude minutes:
1. מאונך
2. מאוזן
when looking at an area chart

A

מאונך

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27
Q

Flying from north to south on a meridian, what will change? latitude or longitude? IMPORTANT

A

Latitude

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28
Q

An aircraft flying from 05 30’S to 32 30’N. How much is the distance in NM

A

38.
From SOUTH to equator: 5 degrees and 30 minutes
From equator to NOTH: 32 degrees and 30 minutes
IMPORTANT

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29
Q

Direct Mercator chart (standard mercator cylicdrical)

30
Q

Lambert conformal conic projection

31
Q

TMZ

A

Transponder mandatory zone

32
Q

RMZ

A

Radio mandatory zone

33
Q

ATZ

A

Aerodrome traffic zone

34
Q

How much degrees of longitude earth rotates each hour

35
Q

Solstice

A

More daytime

36
Q

Equinox

A

Less daytime

37
Q

International dateline

A

Where day UTC minuses and UTC pluses meet and date changes

38
Q

Twilight

A

the incomplete light the sun gives before sunrise or sunset

39
Q

Civil twilight sun degrees

A

6 deg below the horizon

40
Q

Sunrise and sunset (upper or bottom limb?)

A

When upperlimb is on the observer’s horizon
for sunsent: when upperlimb disappeares for observers horizong

41
Q

Things that might make daylight appear shorter

A
  • Clouds from the west on sunset
  • Terrian from the west on sunset blocking the eastern field
    Apply the viceversa for sunrise
42
Q

Night time defnition

A

Sunset +30m
Sunrise -30m

43
Q

If need to calculate UTC difference with a W longitude, should add / divide from UTC?

44
Q

If need to calculate difference between E and W longitude, should add or divide?

45
Q

If need to calculate difference between E and E, should add or divide?

46
Q

If need to calculate UTC difference. with a E longitude, should add or divide?

47
Q

Grid lines in charts are magnetic north or true north

A

true north

48
Q

Bearing

A

the course from point a to point b in terms of true north

49
Q

True north in charts name

A

Grid north

50
Q

Wind direction given my meteo services will be magnetic or true?

51
Q

Variation defnition

A

The angular difference between the north geographic and magnetic pole

52
Q

agonic line

A

A line with no magnetic variation. Magnetic = true

53
Q

Isogonals

A

Lines of the same magnetic variation in a magnetic map

54
Q

If magnetic north is west of true north, the magnetic direction shall have higher / less degrees than true direction

55
Q

If magnetic north is east of true north, the magnetic direction shall have higher / less degrees than true direction

56
Q

Variation west - magnetic best; Variation east - magnetic least

57
Q

What is 100°T

A

100 true heading

58
Q

What is 100°M

A

100 magnetic heading

59
Q

Compass deviation (or just deviation)

A

The interference from aircraft metal structure and other components and affect the magnetic compass. The deviation is in degrees

60
Q

Deviation west- compass best; deviation east - compass least

A

Expect the compass value to be greater on west deviation.

61
Q

What is 257°C

A

257 compass heading

62
Q

Calculating true north heading from charts to final compass heading

A

True north heading -> Magnetic Heading with magnetic variation
Magnetic heading w. variation -> Compass heading with compass deviation

63
Q

Dip

A

compasses closer to the north magnetic pole will point to the ground

64
Q

Why do compass has error when acceleration / deceleration or in a turn?

A

The CG of the needle (pivot?) needs to settle before it shows the correct heading. The CG in the northern hemi is dispalced at the south pole of the needle.

65
Q

LMT

A

Local Mean Time

66
Q

Time difference between each 15° of longitude

67
Q

Time difference between each 1° of longitude

68
Q

Time difference between each 1’ (minutes) of longitude

69
Q

Calculator LMT difference between 00°08’W and 151°13’E

A

10 hours, 5 minutes, 24 seconds

70
Q

Calculate:
Flying 255°T
Variation 6°E
Deviation 2°W
What is the compass heading

A

251°C compass heading

EASA Navigation (5 decks)

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