Early physical, personality, and social development

Question 1

general risk factors affecting prenatal development?

Answer 1

• nutrition
• stress
• mother’s age

Question 2

how does nutrition affect prenatal development?

Answer 2

• inadequate maternal nutrition may result in premature birth and low birth weight
• lack of folic acid may increase risk of spina bifida

Question 3

how does stress affect prenatal development?

Answer 3

-studies show extreme maternal stress is associated with low birth weight and premature births

Question 4

how does mother’s age affect prenatal development?

Answer 4

• older mothers are more likely to have difficulty getting pregnancy, miscarriages and stillbirths
• nearly 50% of pregnancies among women in their 40’s and 50’s result in miscarriages

Question 5

what is a teratogen?

Answer 5

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Question 6

thalidomide?

Answer 6

sleeping tablet and powerful teratogen that led to thousands of babies with deformed limbs and digits in the late 1950’s

Question 7

what is babinski reflex?

Answer 7

• a baby’s toes fan out when foot is stroked from head to toe
• perhaps a remnant of evolution

Question 8

blink reflex?

Answer 8

• baby’s eyes close in response to bright light or loud noise
• protects the eyes

Question 9

moro reflex?

Answer 9

• a baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise of when its head falls
• may help a baby cling to its mother

Question 10

palmar?

Answer 10

• a baby grasps an object places in the palm of its hand?

- precursor to voluntary walking

Question 11

rooting?

Answer 11

• when a baby’s cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth
• helps a baby find the nipple

Question 12

stepping?

Answer 12

• a baby who is held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step rhythmically?
• precursor to voluntary walking

Question 13

sucking?

Answer 13

• a baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth?

- permits feeding

Question 14

withdrawal?

Answer 14

• a baby withdraws its foot when the sole is pricked with a pin?
• protects a baby from unpleasant stimulation

Question 15

Apgar index?

Answer 15

• Appearance (skin tone)
• Pulse (heart rate)
• Grimace (reflexes)
• Activity (muscle tone)
• Respiration (breathing effort)

Question 16

what is the apgar index scored from?

Answer 16

0 to 2

Question 17

what are the different ratings for apgar?

Answer 17

• good physical condition (7+)
• needs special attention (4-6)
• life-threatening (total of 3 or less)

Question 18

4 systems in neonatal behavioural assessment scale (NBAS)?

Answer 18

1. autonomic: body regulation (e.g. breathing)
2. motor: activity level and control of body
3. state: maintaining states (e.g. alertness)
4. social: interacting with people

Question 19

the newborn’s states?

Answer 19

• alert inactivity
• walking activity
• crying
• sleeping

Question 20

what is alert inactivity?

Answer 20

-calm, still, eyes open, inspecting environment

Question 21

what is walking activity?

Answer 21

-eyes open, but unfocussed, uncoordinated motion

Question 22

basic cry?

Answer 22

starts softly and builds volume and intensity. often seen when the child is hungry or tired

Question 23

mad cry?

Answer 23

more intense and louder

Question 24

pain cry?

Answer 24

starts with a loud wail, followed by long pause then gasping

Question 25

how much do newborns sleep?

Answer 25

16-18 hrs a day

Question 26

newborn sleep cycle?

Answer 26

4 hour cycle 3 hours sleep and 1 hour awake

Question 27

sleep cycle by 3 to 4 months?

Answer 27

5-6 hour cycle

Question 28

sleep cycle by 6 months?

Answer 28

10-12 hours at night

Question 29

temperament?

Answer 29

consistent cycles or patterns of infant behaviour?

Question 30

rothbart's 3 dimensions indicate how much a child...?

Answer 30

- is generally happy, active, vocal, and seeks stimulation (surgency/extroversion) - is angry, fearful, frustrates, shy, and not easily soothed (negative effect) - focuses attention, is not easily distracted, and can inhibit impulses (effortful control)

Question 31

when is growth more rapid?

Answer 31

in infancy than during any other period after birth

Question 32

what happens to weight by 3 months?

Answer 32

infants double their weight

Question 33

what happens to weight by 1 year?

Answer 33

infants triple their weight

Question 34

what is dynamic systems theory?

Answer 34

the idea that motor development involves many distinct skills that are organised over time to meet demands of specific tasks

Question 35

infants posture?

Answer 35

infants are top heavy and easily lose their balance

Question 36

what is differentiation?

Answer 36

mastery of component skills

Question 37

what is integration?

Answer 37

combining them in sequence to accomplish the task

Question 38

what are infants fine motor skills like at 4 months?

Answer 38

clumsily reach for objects

Question 39

what are infants fine motor skills like at 5 months?

Answer 39

co-ordinate movement of the 2 hands

Question 40

what are infants fine motor skills like at 2-3 yrs?

Answer 40

children can use zipper's but not buttons

Question 41

when do infants learn how to tie shoes?

Answer 41

around 6 years

Question 42

what is preference affected by?

Answer 42

heredity but environment influence it too

Question 43

what is perception?

Answer 43

brain processes receiving, selecting, modifying, and organising sensory inputs

Question 44

newborns and odours?

Answer 44

they distinguish pleasant from unpleasant, or familiar from

Question 45

newborns and taste?

Answer 45

they differentiate among salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and changes in mother's breast milk

Question 46

how do we know infants are sensitive to sound?

Answer 46

startle reactions

Question 47

when do infants distinguish between different pitches as well as adults?

Answer 47

6 months

Question 48

when can infants use sound to locate direction and distance?

Answer 48

7 months

Question 49

when is infant's colour perception same as adults?

Answer 49

3 months