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HLSD > Early and middle childhood development > Flashcards

Early and middle childhood development Flashcards

1
Q

what are erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development?

A
  • basic trust vs mistrust (infancy)
  • autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 yrs)
  • initiative vs guilt (3-5 yrs)
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2
Q

basic trust vs mistrust age and characteristics?

A
  • infancy
  • infants are dependant on caregiver to meet their needs and provide comfort
  • when caregiver meets needs, infant develops trust
  • otherwise, child develops wariness and a lack of comfort
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3
Q

what is hope in terms of basic trust vs mistrust?

A

a balance of openness to new experience and wariness that discomfort or danger may arise

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4
Q

autonomy vs shame and doubt age and characteristics?

A
  • 1-3 yrs
  • children develop a sense of control over their own actions
  • if autonomy is not achieved children are shameful and doubt their own capabilities
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5
Q

what is will in terms of autonomy vs shame and doubt?

A

can act intentionally but within limits

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6
Q

initiative vs guilt age and characteristics?

A
  • 3-5 yrs
  • children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
  • play becomes purposeful and includes paying the roles of mother, father, teacher or athlete
  • with proper encouragement and balance, initiative cooperation are developed
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7
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

a coherent understanding of mental states including thoughts, beliefs, desires and intentions

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8
Q

what are the different ages and stages in theory of mind?

A
  • 2 years = children understand desires and their relationship with actions
  • 3 years = children able to distinguish between mental and physical worlds
  • 4 years = children have a firm grasp of the nature of how thoughts and beliefs explain behaviour
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9
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder?

A

-condition consisting of a set of developmental and behavioural features

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10
Q

what do the core features of autism include impairments in?

A
  • social interactions
  • communication
  • restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities
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11
Q

what kind of tests do kids with ASD have trouble with?

A

false belief test reflecting deficits in theory of mind.

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12
Q

what does difficulty with theory of mind appear as?

A

lack of empathy

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13
Q

survival rates and attachment?

A

bowlby notices that children who form attachments to an adult are more likely to survive

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14
Q

steps and ages towards attachment?

A
  • preattachment stage (0-6/8 weeks)
  • attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months)
  • true attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
  • reciprocal relationships (18 months on)
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15
Q

stage 1 of attachment?

A
  • pre-attachment stage
  • 0 to 6-8 weeks
  • recognise mother
  • elicit caregiving
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16
Q

stage 2 of attachment?

A
  • attachment in the making
  • 6-8 weeks to 6-8 months
  • more easily consoled by mother
17
Q

stage 3 of attachment?

A
  • true attachment
  • 6-8 months to 18 months
  • single out mother as secure base
18
Q

stage 4 of attachment?

A
  • reciprocal relationship
  • 18 months +
  • toddler increasingly acts as a partner in relationship
  • anticipates that parent will return after separation
19
Q

what is strange situation experiment?

A
  • ainsworth introduced children and mothers to a room from which the mother then left. upon her return the nature of the child’s reaction was studied
  • 4 types of reactions were observed
20
Q

what were the 4 reactions to the strange situation experiment?

A
  • secure attachment = child is comforted, crying stops, child explores again
  • avoidant attachment = child ignores or turns away
  • resistant attachment = baby is upset and remains upset/difficult to console
  • disorganised attachment = child seems confused and is unsure of reaction
21
Q

what were the percentage of children in the 4 reactions to the strange situation experiment?

A
  • secure (60-65%)
  • avoidant (20%)
  • resistant (15%)
  • disorganised (5-10%)
22
Q

parenting?

A
  • warmth
  • sensitivity
  • responsiveness
  • dependability
23
Q

other factors related to quality of attachment?

A
  • cultural variation
  • multiple attachment experiences
  • temperament
  • parent’s own attachment history
  • parent’s mental illness
24
Q

consequences of attachment?

A
  • children with secure attachments are more confident and successful with peers
  • securely attached children have fewer conflicts with friendships with peers
25
Q

internal working model?

A

-expectations derived from early caregiving experiences concerning the availability of attachment figures and one’s interactions with those figures

26
Q

ages and levels of playing?

A
  • around 1 year child engages in parallel play, playing alongside with minimal interaction
  • 15-18 months, children do similar activities and smile at each other in simple social play
  • about 2 years, children engage in cooperative play. play roles and interact
27
Q

what do girls do when they play?

A

tend to support girl peers in enabling

28
Q

what do boys do when they play?

A

tend to contradict, threaten and compete with boy peers inactivity known as constricting

29
Q

parental influence on play and consequences?

A
  • parents help and play along
  • parents mediate
  • parents play caching role in diffusing aggression and competition
  • children whose parents engage in these activities are often more socially skillful
30
Q

cooperation and children?

A
  • older children are more likely to cooperate
  • children who observe peers cooperating are more likely to imitate them
  • children are more likely to cooperate when peers are responsive to their attempts
31
Q

what is prosocial behaviour?

A

any behaviour that benefits others

32
Q

what is altruism?

A

behaviour that does not benefit oneself but does benefit others, such as helping and sharing

33
Q

when is empathy more likely?

A

when a child reaches school age

34
Q

role of parents in the process of attachment?

A
  • parents must be available to form an attachment to
  • parents must respond to a babies’ behaviour e.g. crying, smiling, gazing
  • parents are needed by child to perform reassurance and comfort
  • mothers are main caregivers and primary attachment
  • fathers spend time in play

HLSD (7 decks)

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