early modern 1450-1750 unit test review

Question 1

Alfonso I

Answer 1

Kongo King that reigned from 1506-1543. spoke and wrote in portuguese. His letters to the vatican and portuguese bishops are very important records of precolonial africa and the kongo christian faith. Close relationship with European governments
Converted to Catholicism
Tried vigorously to convert Kongo to a Catholic country by establishing Roman CC in Kongo, providing finances from tax revenues + creating schools.

Question 2

African Diaspora

Answer 2

voluntary/involuntary spread of african people via slave trade - introduced elements of african culture

Question 3

african states during slave trade

Answer 3

dahomey and benin became dependent on the slave trade for evening - queen nzinga resisted portuguese imperialism

Question 4

akbar

Answer 4

• Mughal India’s most famous emperor and acted to accommodate Hindus.
• Incorporated large # of Hindus into political-military elite and supporting buildings
• Softened Hindu restrictions on women

Question 5

Amerindian - Mayan

Answer 5

developed the science of astronomy, calendar systems, and hieroglyphic writing.

Question 6

Amerindian - Incan

Answer 6

built roads and bridges, including suspension bridges, which use thick cables to hold up the walkway.

Question 7

Amerindian - Aztecs

Answer 7

• built temple-pyramids, used sophisticated techniques of agriculture, eagle warriors built a great empire, and made human sacrifices to their gods
• CAPITAL IS TENOCHTITLAN
• enlarged the area of the city by creating artificial islands called chinampas

Question 8

Amerindian & Effect of European Exploration

Answer 8

Lost their people and home due to Columbus’ colonization and germs that killed off the Amerindians.

Question 9

Asian & European Trade Relations

Answer 9

China was largely enclosed off to foreigners but foreigners desired the luxuries, like Chinese silk, that they had to offer

Question 10

Asian policies towards Europeans

Answer 10

Banned foreigners and disliked the attitude of Europeans

Question 11

Atlantic Slave Trade - 1500-1866

Answer 11

Trade in human beings took an estimated 12.5 mil ppl from African societies, shipped them across the Atlantic in Middle Passage, and deposited 10.7 mil in Americas as slaves.

Question 12

Social hierarchy under Tokugawa

Answer 12

warrior (samurai, daimyo, shogun), farmer, artisan, and merchant. Merchants were frowned upon because they had nothing to produce. Influenced by confucian values + filial piety

Question 13

Capitalism

Answer 13

Open competition in a free market where individuals control their own market and profit

Question 14

Aurangzeb

Answer 14

• Mughal emperor who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance
• attempted to impose Islamic supremacy
• Reached its peak
• Forbade sati, (akbar discouraged it) music, gambling, prostitution, and dance were banned - Dancing girls ordered to marry or leave
• Hindu temples were destroyed and jizya was reimposed

Question 15

Battle of Vienna, Lepanto

Answer 15

• crushing victory for the ‘Holy League’ (an alliance of Catholic maritime states) over Ottoman Empire (most of its fleet sunk or captured)
• Due to the Ottoman seizure of Constantinople, the marked demise of Christian Byzantium + allowed Ottomans to see themselves as successors to the Roman Empire

Question 16

Castas System

Answer 16

in latin america (peninsulares—> creoles, or wealthy elites who can’t participate in government—> Mestizos/Mixed—> African/Latin people)

Question 17

Causes for exploration

Answer 17

Glory God and Gold

Question 18

Buddhism in Japan & China

Answer 18

JAPAN: More loved in Japan, used to prohibit Christianity by requiring everyone to register at a government monitored Buddhist temple

CHINA: Entered via silk road, refused, but it was syncretised with Daoism to become more appealing.

Question 19

God as a reason for exploration?

Answer 19

Jesuits, missionaries, in the East, Puritans in North America

Question 20

Glory as a reason for exploration

Answer 20

economic advancement outside of rigid social structure and chance to earn fame

Question 21

Gold as a reason for exploration

Answer 21

silver and other spices and luxury goods and access to the East

Question 22

Chattel Slavery

Answer 22

Africa to the new world. the enslaving and owning of humans and offspring as property able to be bought, sold, and forced to work without wages

Question 23

East india companies

Answer 23

Dutch and British

Question 24

dutch east india company

Answer 24

overtook Portuguese. private trading company chartered by the netherlands around 1600 mainly focused on indonesia. given monopoly on ocean trade, including the right to make war and rule conquered people. MORE BRUTAL. they seized control of shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace

Question 25

British east india company

Answer 25

overtook portuguese. private trading company chartered by the english around 1600. mainly focused on india, given a monopoly in indian ocean trade (right to make war and rule conquered people). less financed and sophisticated than dutch, excluded from rich spice islands. fell back to india

Question 26

encomienda system

Answer 26

granted colonists the right to demand labor of natives in the mines and fields. forced labor on indigenous in central america

Question 27

chinese merchants

Answer 27

came back to china acting like europeans and did not have support from the chinese

Question 28

Dutch Learning Centers

Answer 28

In Japan , it remained isolated amid a pervasive Confucian-based culture After 1720 some Japanese permitted to read Dutch books, Shoguns became proponents of Dutch learning by mid-18th century, European art, medicine, and science influenced Japanese scholars

Question 29

Filial piety

Answer 29

honoring of one's ancestors and parents - Meant for women to be submissive

Question 30

Foot-binding

Answer 30

a practice first carried out on young girls in Tang Dynasty China to restrict their normal growth and make their feet as small as possible. Seen as attractive, frail, submissive. Aligned w/ Confucian tastes.

Question 31

Forced Labor Systems

Answer 31

- Coercive labor - Serf labor (Russia, Euro) - Castas System (Latin America) - Chattel Slavery (Africa -> New World)

Question 32

civil service exams

Answer 32

a system of testing designed to select the most studious and learned canine for appointment as bureaucrats in the chinese government

Question 33

Hacienda System

Answer 33

Private owners of large estates directly employing native workers

Question 34

Indentured Servitude

Answer 34

a form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain timeframe

Question 35

Janissaries

Answer 35

- member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops - young christian boys

Question 36

colombian exchange

Answer 36

christopher columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the new world, while facilitating commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the atlantic

Question 37

Jesuits

Answer 37

(Society of Jesus) Founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Question 38

who conquered Constantinople

Answer 38

sultan mehmed II of the ottoman empire. and he renamed it istanbul

Question 39

Joint Stock Companies

Answer 39

- Wealthy individuals operating under a royal charter - British settler colonies evolved traditions of self gov. - Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration and colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question 40

what was the purpose of establishing european trading posts

Answer 40

to influence and control trade to increase commercial profits. built in Africa and Asia (ex: macau in southeast asia)

Question 41

Little Ice Age

Answer 41

A long period of cooling across the globe - Fuelled the fur trade

Question 42

Ottoman

Answer 42

- Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include Balkans, parts of ME, parts of N Africa and lasted from 14-20 century - Creation of one of many Turkic warrior groups that had migrated into Anatolia - Huge territory, long duration, incorporation of many diverse ppl = one of great empire of world - Represented emergence of Turks as dominant ppl of Islamic world -gunpowder empire

Question 43

macao

Answer 43

one of two ports in which europeans were permitted to trade in china during the ming dynasty along with canton. the water margin

Question 44

canton

Answer 44

one of two port cities in which europeans were permitted to trade in china during the ming dynasty

Question 45

malacca

Answer 45

muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between sumatra and malaya

Question 46

Potosi

Answer 46

- Silver heart of the Spanish empire - Caused Spain to become most powerful in Europe, but lead to inflation - Natives were used to mine silver and they were exposed to massive amts. Of Mercury (toxic) - biggest silver mine and city in americas

Question 47

calcutta

Answer 47

british east india company headquarters in bengal

Question 48

Queen Nzinga

Answer 48

- Region of Matamba - Powerful queen 1626-1663 who guided state amid complexities + intrigues of various Euro + African rivalries -Gained reputation for resistance to Portuguese imperialism

Question 49

manchus

Answer 49

a community of hunters, fishermen, and farmers from the lands to the northeast of China established qing dynasty

Question 50

Reconquista

Answer 50

- series of wars in Portugal and Spain to reclaim land taken by the Muslims. - Turned Catholicism into the dominant religion of Spain - which has shaped the development of the Spanish state and national identity.

Question 51

mercantilism

Answer 51

system that the europeans used in the americas. system where a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries. exports more than it imports

Question 52

Role of Elites in Early Modern Societies - Nobles

Answer 52

-Protected others from violence.

Question 53

middle passage

Answer 53

the forced voyage of enslaved africans across the atlantic ocean to the new world

Question 54

Role of Elites in Early Modern Societies - Zamindars

Answer 54

landowners in the villages who collected land revenue as fixed by the Mughal court

Question 55

Role of Elites in Early Modern Societies - Creoles

Answer 55

Wealthy elites in the Americas who were of Euro descent that couldn’t participate in government.

Question 56

mita system

Answer 56

incans came up with this, had to serve empire for 4 years (build roads, mining, military) but governments gave incentives during the time served

Question 57

Role of Elites in Early Modern Societies - Samurais

Answer 57

japan was decentralized and then the tokugawa shogunate had a daimyo. there were the warriors of japan. had martial skills. backed up the authority of the shogun and gave him power over the mikado (emperor)

Question 58

Role of Elites in Early Modern Societies - Daimyo

Answer 58

leaders of powerful warrior bands. powerful lords of japan

Question 59

Role of Gunpowder

Answer 59

Used for warfare, helped countries advance into territories (ottoman, safavid, mughal)

Question 60

Role of Religion in Age of Exploration

Answer 60

Spread Christianity, used as a motive for exploration

Question 61

Role of Religion in Gunpowder Empires

Answer 61

Islam. Safavid Ottoman

Question 62

Taj Mahal

Answer 62

- Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India - originally built a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mauntaz Mahal.

Question 63

Tokugawa Policies

Answer 63

- Restricted daimyos to keep them from rebelling - took over the agriculture productive + made it thrive thru innovations - the Japanese population soared

Question 64

Triangular Trade

Answer 64

- African people taken, put on ships through Middle Passage, sold to plantations, used to harvest sugarcane - Americas gave timber to Europeans, gave luxuries

Question 65

Viziers

Answer 65

A high official in a Muslim government (especially in the Ottoman Empire).

Question 66

Zheng He Expeditions

Answer 66

- Muslim eunuch commanding fleets. - Contained hundreds of ships, thousands of crew members. - Excessively large compared to Vasco de Gama’s small ships w/ crews of 90

Question 67

safavid

Answer 67

major turkic empire in persia in the early 16th century. notable for its efforts to convert people to shia islam

Question 68

what emerged from sufi religious order by safi al din (1252-1334)

Answer 68

samurai, daimyo, shogun

Question 69

samurai

Answer 69

china became decentralized, formed these. warriors under a daimyo.

Question 70

daimyo

Answer 70

feudal lords that each owned his cadre of samurai warriors. plagued japan in endemic conflict

Question 71

shogun

Answer 71

a series of supreme military commanders who hailed from the tokugawa clan that unified japan politically in the early 17tg century. -end of japans civil wars—> shogun viewed euros as a threat to the country’s new unity—> expelled christian missionaries and VIOLENTLY suppressed christianity. (execution of 62 missionaries and thousands of japanese converts) - shogunate authorities forbade abroad travel and banned euro traders, permitting the dutch only

Question 72

scholar gentry

Answer 72

members of chinas landowning families, had wealth from the land and power from being government officials

Question 73

school of national learning

Answer 73

school for learning japanese history and literature but ended up being a source of nationalism and set up the feudal system

Question 74

serfdom

Answer 74

condition in medieval europe where a tenant farmer was bound to a manor plot of a landlord. lowest level of peasantry on europes feudal system

Question 75

sunni

Answer 75

ottomans believes that leaders can be anyone

Question 76

shiite

Answer 76

Safavid believed that leaders must be descendants of the prophet, that caused a periodic military conflict in 1534-1639 that reflected territorial and religious rivalry

Question 77

silver trade

Answer 77

Trade b/t Spanish America (Potosi) that produced silver -> Manila for Philippines, then to China and Europe for exchange.

Question 78

social hierarchy under tokugawa

Answer 78

Warrior (samurai, daimyo, shogun), farmer, artisan, and merchant. Merchants were frowned upon because they had nothing to produce. Influenced by Confucian values + filial piety.

Question 79

spanish armada

Answer 79

a fleet of ships created in 1588 on commission from King Philip II of Spain.

Question 80

spanish trade and exploration

Answer 80

went west to india…

Question 81

sufis

Answer 81

muslim holy men, islamic scholars, and itinerant traders →continued islamization by wandering . Islamized empires usually depended on this over conquering armies and expanding empires. None posed a threat to local rulers. Offered Arabic literacy, informal schools, protective charms from Quran, and advisers to local authorities. Didn’t insist on converts to give up older practices, but rather connections to the wider world of Islam.

Question 82

sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee, trade

Answer 82

What African or Latin American slaves would farm and ship to countries during the Triangular Trade. New World commodities.

Question 83

sunni ali

Answer 83

first ruler of songhai empire in west africa. built mosques and strengthened timbuktu

Question 84

swahili states

Answer 84

stretched along the East African coast from Somali -> Mozambique. Bound by a common language and culture. Islam is a a product of Arab + Persian traders who came to trade and settled to create distinct communities.

Question 85

Royal Sponsorship

Answer 85

to give a person or group the money that is needed to pay for an activity or a project.