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Whap > 1st semester exam review > Flashcards

1st semester exam review Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Renaissance take place

A

1300-1600

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2
Q

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy

A

Trade from crusades made Northern Italy rich. After Constantinople fell, the scholars fled to Italy. wealthy italian merchants invested in art. home of classical ideas.

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3
Q

Renaissance

A

Rebirth of classical art, learning and ideas

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4
Q

Characteristics of renaissance art

A

use of perspective, realistic figures that had emotion, portrait, landscape, mythology, the everyday, trade, biblical and religious, classical

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5
Q

What were the principles of machiavelli’s the prince

A

ends justify the means, you don’t have to have moral to lead, also used as a lesson in statecraft

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6
Q

Where did the Renaissance take place

A

it started in italy in the 14th century and didn’t reach england until 16th century

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7
Q

Humanism

A

humans are the center of their own universe and should embrace achievements education, classical arts, literature and science

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8
Q

classicism

A

movement that wanted to mimic the literature, rhetoric, art, and philosophy of ancient greece and rome

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9
Q

Renaissance Man

A

philosopher that studies a wide variety of subjects - well rounded individual (da vinci)

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10
Q

Machiavellian

A

Someone who is sneaky, cunning, and lacks moral code

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11
Q

vernacular

A

common language

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12
Q

When did the protestant reformation take place

A

1517

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13
Q

why did the protestant reformation take place

A

european decentralization (rise of nation-states), the black death and hundred years’ war (societal breakdown), renaissance, exploration and scientific revolution, Gutenberg printing press (1455)

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14
Q

What were the results of the protestant reformation?

A
  • Europe divided by religion(end of christian unity)
  • more centralized monarchies (England - stability under tudors, France - consolidation of power, Spain - unification by marriage, holy roman empire - decentralization)
  • All can come before God, printing press, and the patron
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15
Q

What role did the printing press play in the protestant reformation?

A

Spread the vernacular and easy spread of ideas

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16
Q

what is the counter reformation

A

the catholic reformation, council of trent, society of jesus

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17
Q

what is the council of trent

A

(1545-63) it called to clean up the church, wanted to figure out what catholics really believed, affirmation of both faith and works, censor books/art, jesuits

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18
Q

How did political ambitions become mixed with the protestant reformation?

A

Henry Vlll in England had a power struggle between king and the pope, end of christian unity in the west led to religious wars, and St.Bartholomew’s day massacre killed 3,000-10,000 protestants including women and children

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19
Q

what is a jesuit and what did they do

A

society of jesus established by ignatius/monastic order that was created to clean up catholic church

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20
Q

What were indulgences?

A

“Get out of sin” card certificates

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21
Q

Sola scriptura

A

means only scripture came from rejection of non-biblical traditions

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22
Q

What was 95 theses?

A

central document of protestant reformation

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23
Q

What were tithes used for?

A

support of clergy, maintain churches, and assist the poor

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24
Q

what were the protestant reformations?

A

social, intellectual, and politicall challenges to the church

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25
Q

What are Edict of worms

A

banned Luther’s writing and declared him a heretic and enemy of the state

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26
Q

what was priesthood of believers

A

no need for professional intermediaries between individual and God

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27
Q

simony

A

the questionable religious practice of selling church offices

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28
Q

what is the great schism

A

weaknesses in the catholic church. like competing popes and questionable practices

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29
Q

sacraments

A

things that christians had to do before they died (baptism, first communion, confirmation etc.)

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30
Q

Henry VIII

A

the king of england. set up anglican church. persecution of catholics in the 1530s

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31
Q

St. Bartholemwus day massacre

A

huguenots authorized wholesale assasination of 500- 10000

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32
Q

huguenots

A

french protestants

33
Q

What is vernacular?

A

native language commonly spoken by ordinary people

34
Q

What we’re peasant revolts?

A

1525
consequences in north/rise of the princes

35
Q

What was anglican?

A

A church established by henry Vlll

36
Q

What is Calvinism?

A

the dominant religious movement across western europe

37
Q

What was lutheranism?

A

A type of religion - Holy roman empires states princes were able to select either lutheranism or catholicism with the domains they controlled

38
Q

What was the importance of the peace of westphalia?

A

ended the 30 years war(treaties)

39
Q

European motives for exploration

A
  • Three G’s (God, gold, glory)
40
Q

The difference between Spanish and Portuguese expedition v.s british and dutch expedition

A

the purposes of the dutch and english were focused on trading and the portuguese and spanish was on civilizing the world and creating families and expanding territories

41
Q

what was the Enlightenment

A

Age of reason - movement of scientific revolution and thinkers believed reason could be used to solve social, political, and economic problems

42
Q

What was the age of reason

A

another name for the enlightenment

43
Q

scientific revolution

A

search for laws which ed governed the physical world

44
Q

Who was Hobbes and what were his views on society?

A

Humans are basically cruel and need to be controlled by a powerful government/absolute monarchy (book leviathan)

45
Q

Who was Locke and what were his views on society?

A

Humans are basically good/have natural rights given at birth, government has obligation to protect the people and if the government fails people have the right to overthrow (two treaties of government book)

influenced american/french revolution

46
Q

Who was Montesquieu, what did he write, and what were his views on society?

A

wrote spirit of the laws, division of government into branches providing system of checks and balances - admiration for limited monarchy that had evolved in England

47
Q

Who were philosophes

A

French thinkers who advocated applying laws of science to understanding human nature - love of wisdom

48
Q

Who was voltaire

A

A defender of speech and exposed abuses of day in his righting such as slave trade and corrupt government

49
Q

Who was diderot

A

creator of encyclopedia- women and men should be on equal ground and moral improvements of humanity would directly result in progress of civilization

50
Q

Who was Rousseau and what were his views on society?

A

People born good but society corrupts them/society placed too many limits on people’s behavior

51
Q

What are some significant maritime innovations that made exploration possible

A

The sternpost rudder, lateen sails, astrolabe, magnetic compass, three- masted caravel

52
Q

salons

A

social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

53
Q

Enlightened Despot

A

an absolute ruler who used their power to bring about social and political change

54
Q

what are some examples of enlightened despots

A

frederick the great, catherine the great, joseph II

55
Q

Catherine the great

A

(russia) allowed a charter of rights for nobles

56
Q

Frederick the great

A

(prussia) invited voltaire to set up an academy of science in berlin

57
Q

Joseph II

A

(hapsburg) ended censorship, enacted religious toleration, abolished serfdom

58
Q

Mary Wolstonecraft

A

in the vindication of the rights of women she said that educating men and women equally would allow women to participate equally in public life

59
Q

What did Adam smith write/what did he say

A

book- wealth of nations
it said natural economic forces will regulate the economy if it’s left alone (invisible hand of the market)

60
Q

who is the father of capitalism

A

adam smith

61
Q

what trading company expanded the netherlands to south and east asia and replace the portuguese?

A

The dutch East indian company

62
Q

Means hands off government

A

Laissez Faire

63
Q

Establishing a hold in India. the portuguese gained acces to these commodities?

A

spices - pepper and cinnamon

64
Q

this peace pact allowed princes to choose their faith

A

augsburg

65
Q

The hugenots are french…

A

protestants

66
Q

the catholic church made much needed changes during the

A

counter reformation

67
Q

the buying and selling of church offices is called?

A

simony

68
Q

school of athens was painted by

A

raphael

69
Q

work by machiavelli that was used as a lesson in statecraft

A

the prince

70
Q

artistic movement was delayed by spreading of the black death

A

northern renaissance

71
Q

What was the difference between northern and italian renaissance

A

northern - more focused on daily life
italian - more focused on nobility/religion

72
Q

what were long term effects of the colombian exchange

A

beginning of transoceanic trade, spread of domesticated animals, disease, and foods

73
Q

what was mercantilism

A

economic system before enlightenment that involved government control of economy to ensure balance of trade. system where country exports more than imports and takes the money as mother country

74
Q

what is predestination

A

john calvin believed in it - where ones future is already pre destined

75
Q

perspective

A

used in italian renaissance art. new interpretations

76
Q

what was martin luther so upset over in the catholic church

A

the catholic church was corrupt. selling indulgences, only priest can interpret the word of God

77
Q

how did different groups in society react to martin luther

A

the catholic church excommunicated him.

78
Q

act of supremacy

A

1534
parliament severed ties from roman catholic church and england became anglican church, henry viii head of anglican church

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