Early Elizabethean England Flashcards
Who was part of the government?
The queen
The court
Justice of peace
Parliament
The privy council
The lord lieutenants
Who were the privy council?
Members of nobility who helped govern the country
19 councillors who advised queen
Worked with parliament
Who were the court?
Noble men who advised the monarch
Who was the Lord lieutenant?
Noblemen appointed by government
Raised local militia
How many people lived in the countryside?
90%
What problems did elizabeth face?
Legitimacy
Religious conflict
Unmarried
Support of government
Money
When did Elizabeth come to the throne?
1558
Characteristics of Elizabeth?
Well educated
Polyglot
Charismatic
Indecisive
Protestant
What were challenges Elizabeth faced at home? Why?
Financial debt of 300k
Currency devalued
Mary I sold crown land to pay for war so no money if france were to go to war
What were challenges Elizabeth faced aboard? Why?
The french threat
Mary queen of scots was also legitimate for the throne
Calais territory was under threat
Spain and france could unit against England
How did Elizabeth solve financial threat?
Sold crown lands
Cut expenses so didn’t raise taxes
How did Elizabeth deal with french threat aboard
Signed peace of troyes 1564
Took custody of mary Queen of Scots in England
What was the peace of troyes Treaty 1564
French had all claim to calais
Three features of Catholicism?
Pope head of the church
Wore crufixes
Churches and priest vestments were heavily decorated
The majority in the north and west of England
Services are in latin
Three features of protestantism?
There’s no pope, only archbishops and bishops
Churches were plainly decorated
Protestants were majority southeast England
Own individual relationship with god
Service in english
Three features of puritanism?
A strict form of protestantism
No pope or bishops
Churchs are whitewashed with no decorations
What was the act of uniformity?
Everyone must attend church or fined 1 shilling
Book of common prayer
Clergy wore special vestments
What was the act of supremacy?
All clergy and royal officials must swear an oath of allegiance to Elizabeth
Elizabeth was the head of the church
What were the royal injunctions?
Set of instructions detailing the enforcement of 2 acts.
Banning fake miracles (pilgrimages)
Allowing crosses, candles, and vestments in service
Can’t preach without license
What role did the church play?
Bishops carried visits of churches
Enforcement religious settlement 1559
Church courts
Parish church helped people in need
What was the crucifix controversy?
Puritans opposed crucifixes displayed in chirch service, so they threatened to resign
So Elizabeth removed crucifixes in church service
What was the vestments’ controversy?
The Royal injunctions meant clergy should wear special vestments.
This resulted in 37 priests resigning
Who were justice of the peace?
Law enforcement that would go out and maintain laws
What was patronage?
Granting titles, lands, money and jobs by queen
2 reasons why elizabeth was illegitimate to the throne?
Anne boleyn executed, 1536 liz declared illegitimate
Henry VIII marriage declared illegal
Why was it good for elizabeth to get married?
Have a child ensuring stability
Husband fulfils the role of military leader
Why was it bad for elizabeth to get married?
Husband will be figure of authority
Could only marry foreign prince who could favour own country over England
Traits of elizabeth?
Polygot
Intelligent
Indecisive
Vain
Bad temper
Confident
Charismatic
Scotland threat?
Alliance with france
Queen mary claimed legitimacy to English throne
France threat?
Wealthier
Larger population
Alliance with Scotland through queen mary
Spain threat?
Different religion so could ally with france
What was the reformation?
1517 Catholic church seen as corrupt and greedy so creation of protestantism
Church of England?
1532
Caused religious division, persecution
Henry VIII
What was the religious settlement of 1559
To unify country under one religion, protestantism
Who enforced the royal injunctions?
Eccteastial high commission
Changes made to the church by elizabeth?
27 new bishops
8k of 10k clergy reverted to protestantism
Prayer books
Middle way
What was the role of the church?
Enforce the religious settlement
Ran church courts
Regular visits of churches (till 1559)
Monitored professions such as midwives and surgeons
Gave community guidelines
Controlled preaching
Who were recusants?
Catholics unwilling to attend church service
What was the counter reformation?
The papacy ordered Catholics not to attend church of England services
Netherlands 1563?
Philip II banned English cloth imports as merchants were trying to spread protestantism
So elizabeth retailed by producing a trade embargo that lasted a yr.
Threat of mary of scots? 1559-1569
1559-60 Scottish lords rebelled as did not like french Catholic influence by mary of guise.
This ended in treaty of Edinburgh proposed she give up claim for English throne
1561 mary returns to Scotland as husband died
1565 mary marries lord darnley
And have son in 1566
1567 lord darnley id murdered causing Scottish rebellion again
This forces mary to abdicate and flee to england
Why did mary of scots flee to england in 1568?
After escaping imprisonment, she tries to raise an army against the protest Scottish lords but fails
Reasons why Northern earls were mad at elizabeth?
Lost power to lower status individuals
Devoted to Catholicism
Uncertainty of heir
Revolt of northern earls 1569?
Duke of norfolk to marry mary
9 nov start of rebellion
14 nov Northumberland and westmorland seize durham cathedral
22 nov all north of England is controlled by rebels
30 nov hoping to recieve spanish aid rebels capture hartlepool
16 dec 14k men march for elizabeth forcing 5400 rebels to flee north
19 dec rebellion is defeated and earls flee to Scotland
Consequences of Northern revolt?
Treason laws became harsher
Ended influence of northern earls
Harsher treatment of Catholics
Elizabeth was excommunicated by the pope (papal bull) and ordered her overthrown 1570
The riodolfi Plot 1571 Aims?
Riodolfi was sending messages from mary to Duke of alba and philp II to organise an invasion of England to restore Catholicism under mary
The riodolfi Plot 1571 events?
Riodolfi found with letters signed by norfolk that talked about invasion and revolt
So norfolk found guilty of treason while riodolfi fled
The riodolfi Plot 1571 consequences?
Reinforced threat of spain
Elizabeth focused on improving relations with france
Confirmed suspicion of Catholics
The Throckmorton plot 1583 aims?
Throckmorton was a messager of plotters and mary and wanted to restore Catholicism under mary
Planned to organise a French Catholic force that would invade england through french duke of guise
The Throckmorton Plot 1583 events?
Philip II helped pay for the plot while the pope approved
T was put under surveillance and found guilty with plans/papers by walsingham spies. So he was tortured to confession then executed in 1584.
Mary was isolated in castle and no longer allowed visitors
The Throckmorton Plot 1583 consequences?
Emphasised threat of Catholics
Threat of united france and spain
11k Catholics imprisoned
1585 if found sheltering Catholic priest could be punished by death
The Babington Plot 1586 aims?
Encourage English Catholics to rebel with 60k men from Duke of Guise. Then assassinate elizabeth and throne mary.
The Babington Plot 1586 events?
Babington sent letters to mary in code detailing plot.
Intercepted by SFW
All 6 Catholics hangedbin oct
Mary tried by the privy council and found guilty executed in 1587
The Babington Plot 1586 consequences?
Relationship between England and spain worsened
31 priests executed
Attitudes to education?
Valuable as no national schooling system
Reflected social hierarchy
Focused on practical skills/literacy
Influence on schooling?
Humanists who believed in the significance of schooling (theoretical + practical)
More people encouraged to become literature due to protestantism
Schooling for nobility?
Foreign languages
Philosophy
Government
Tutored at home till 7
Sports such as horseriding
Men did fencing and swimming
Women did needlework music
Grammar schools?
Private school
Boys from well-off family
10 hours
Frnech
Latin
Archery
Discipline and punishment in school?
2 boys would monitor inside and outside school grounds and report misbehaviour
Misbehaviour was punishable by exclusion or no break time
Petty school?
Teachers home
Before attending grammar school
Sources of education?
Grammar school
Petty school
Alternative curriculum
Apprenticeships
Dam schools
What was a dam school?
School for girls where would learn how to preserve food, sew and treat simple injures
Taught by elder women
Impacts of education?
30% of men literate
10% of women literate
Major problem was costs
Improvements in boys’ schooling
What types of leisure did the poor participate in?
Football
Cock-fighting
Wrestling
Gambling
What leisure did the wealthy participate in?
Music and dancing
Theatre
Literature
Baiting
Hunting
Fencing
Tennis
What is a pastime?
Source of entertainment
Three examples of SFW spy network?
Intercepting coded letters - used cyphers and planted informants in suspects’ homes to retrieve letters. Hired skillfully code breakers
Employing network of spy agents - agents used town code names. Spies were deployed to get info as events arised
Interrogation and torture - executions used as deterrence
What were privateers?
Legal pirates that attacked other nations to steal wealth and give percentage back to monarch
Significance of mary of scots execution?
Removed important threat
Phillip II is planning to invade england as given claim to throne from mary
Consequences in population growth?
Grew faster than food production so prices increase
Food prices rose after bad harvest
Fall in wages
Rise in rents
Changes to the countryside?
Increase in sheep farming
Enclosure
Causes and consequences of sheep farming
Increase price of wool
Land used for sheep farming
Land used for crops now used for sheep farming
Unemployment grew as didn’t require labour
Crop grown was fed to sheep instead
Causes and consequences of enclosure?
Selective breeding used for sheep so increase in sheep farming
New farming techniques such as better use of fertiliser
Led to lower costs and high profits for landowners
Less land for rural farmers to grow crops
What was enclosure?
Land that used to be open field fenced off for sheep farming
Why did poverty increase?
Population growth
Changes in countryside
Sir franis drake?
English merchant
Privateer
1572 stole 40k worth of Spanish silver
Why was SFD significant?
Symbol of English resistance
Shows elizabeth defiance to spain through his actions
His success funded weaponary for war
Encouraged people ot colonize America through noval albion
England known as great sea-faring nation
What were the new technologies?
Navigation - astrolabe to help sailors
Maps - mercator map 1569, printing so more widespread
Ship designs - more improved, so faster and more manoeuvrable galleons were larger ships, so more cargo
Voyages of discovery?
Expanding trade - new world after cut ties with N
The triangular trade - trans Atlantic slave trade
Adventure - second sons with no inheritance finding ‘wealth’
