early effects of radiation

Question 1

what is total body exposure

Answer 1

when total body is exposed, and so are critical organs

Question 2

what systems are affected in total body exposure

Answer 2

all body systems

Question 3

what is a cute exposure

Answer 3

short-term, high-level exposure

Question 4

what is chronic exposure

Answer 4

long-term, low-level expoure

Question 5

what are the 2 broad categories of how the human body responds to dose

Answer 5

stochastic and non-stochastic (deterministic)

Question 6

what are non stochastic effects

Answer 6

severity varies with does and threshold

Question 7

what are non stochastic effects

Answer 7

increased exposure increases probability of health effects
no influence on type or severity

Question 8

what is ARS

Answer 8

acute radiation syndrome
when whole body exposed to large dose over short time

Question 9

when was hiroshima

Answer 9

August 6, 1945

Question 10

what was she fuel used in hirshima

Answer 10

uranium

Question 11

when was nagasaki

Answer 11

August 9, 1945

Question 12

what was the fuel used in nagasaki

Answer 12

plutonium

Question 13

what were the names of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs

Answer 13

hiroshima - little boy
Nagasaki - fat man

Question 14

when was chernobyl

Answer 14

1986

Question 15

when were the marshal islands incident

Answer 15

1946-1958

Question 16

what are the 4 stages of ARS

Answer 16

1. prodromal period
2. latent period
3. manifest period
4. recovery or death

Question 17

what dose leads to the prodromal stage

Answer 17

above 1Gy to whole body

Question 18

when do signs and symptoms of ARS appear

Answer 18

withing hours of radiation

Question 19

what is a body effect of the prodromal stage

Answer 19

leukopenia
low white blood cells count

Question 20

what is the latent stage

Answer 20

pt will look and feel healthy for a period of time

Question 21

what values allow the latent stage of ARS to last
1. hours or less
2. weeks

Answer 21

50 Gy
1-5 Gy

Question 22

what are the 3 ARS syndromes

Answer 22

1. hemotological syndrome
2. gastrointestinal syndrome
3. central nervous system syndrome

Question 23

what is hematologic syndrome

Answer 23

bone marrow syndrome

Question 24

what is the doe for hemotological syndrome ARS

Answer 24

1-10 Gy

Question 25

what is the dose for ARS gastrointestinal syndrome

Answer 25

6-50 Gy

Question 26

what is the dose for ARS CNS syndrome

Answer 26

above 50 Gy

Question 27

what is the survival of hematologic sundrome

Answer 27

6-8 weeks (over 2Gy)

Question 28

what is the survival of GI syndrome

Answer 28

3-10 days

Question 29

what is the survival of CNS syndrome

Answer 29

hours to 2-3 days

Question 30

how long is the hematopoietic latent period

Answer 30

about 4 weeks

Question 31

what illness arises from hematopoietic syndrome

Answer 31

NVD, anorexia, malaise, lethargy and fever

Question 32

what is the primary COD for hematopoietic syndrome

Answer 32

destruction of bone marrow resulting in infection and hemorrhage

Question 33

how long is the GI prodromal stage

Answer 33

less than one day

Question 34

when is the GI syndrome latent period

Answer 34

2-5th day

Question 35

when is the GI syndrome illness manifestation

Answer 35

5th - 10th day

Question 36

Gi syndrome causes death within ___

Answer 36

3-14 days

Question 37

what is the main COD from GI syndrome

Answer 37

changes in GI tract lead to dehydration, infection, and electrolyte imbalance

Question 38

when is the CNS syndrome manifest illness stage

Answer 38

5-6 hours after exposure

Question 39

what is the main COD from CNS syndrome

Answer 39

collapse of circulatory, inc cranial pressure, increased fluid

Question 40

what is the LD

Answer 40

lethal dose

Question 41

what is LD 50/30

Answer 41

whole body dose that can be lethal to 50 of exposed population within 30 days

Question 42

what is the estimated LD without medical support

Answer 42

3.0-4.0 Gy

Question 43

humans with medical support have tolerated doses of up to __

Answer 43

8.5 Gy

Question 44

organs and tissues sustaining partial body exposure may: (2)

Answer 44

- lose ability to fn - recover

Question 45

what is radiodeermatitis

Answer 45

reddening of the skin by excessive low level exposures

Question 46

organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on:

Answer 46

radiosensitivity reproduction characteristics growth rate

Question 47

what tissues suffer immediate consequence from high radiation doses

Answer 47

- skin - male and female reproductive organs - bone marrow

Question 48

what are the 3 layers of the skin

Answer 48

epidermis dermis hypodermis

Question 49

why is the skin so radioasensitive

Answer 49

because of the ongoing regeneration

Question 50

desquamation happens at what dose

Answer 50

10Gy

Question 51

what is desquamation

Answer 51

shedding of outer layer of skin

Question 52

skin can be effected by a single dose of

Answer 52

2 Gy

Question 53

what dose means temporary hair loss

Answer 53

3 Gy

Question 54

what does is permanent hair loss

Answer 54

7 Gy

Question 55

is muscle tissue sensitive no radiation

Answer 55

generally not

Question 56

is nervous tissue highly sensitive to raiaiton

Answer 56

in adults: not really in fetuses: yes

Question 57

what dose can depress sperm count

Answer 57

0.1 Gy

Question 58

what dose can delay or supress menstruation

Answer 58

0.1 Gy

Question 59

what are the most and second most sensitive cells

Answer 59

lymphocytes spermatogonia

Question 60

what gonadal dose of radiation can cause temporary sterility

Answer 60

2 Gy

Question 61

what gonadal dose of radiation can cause permanent sterility

Answer 61

5 Gy

Question 62

the hematopoietic system consists of

Answer 62

bone marrow, circulating blood, and lymphoid organs

Question 63

what are the lymphoid organs

Answer 63

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

Question 64

what cells develop into all hematopoietic cells

Answer 64

pluripotential stem cells

Question 65

pluritopotential stem cells can develop into what

Answer 65

lymphocytes, granulocytes, platelets, eryhtrocytes

Question 66

what dose can produce a measurable hematopoietic depression

Answer 66

0.25 Gy

Question 67

what does can result in 0 lymphocytes

Answer 67

0.5 Gy

Question 68

what are the 3 stages of gestation

Answer 68

1. preimplantation 2. organogenesis 3. fetal stage

Question 69

when is preimplantation

Answer 69

conception to 9 days

Question 70

when is organogenesis

Answer 70

implantation (day10) to 12th week

Question 71

when is the fetal stage

Answer 71

12 weeks on

Question 72

at what dose will a fetus be killed, when in the preimplantation stage

Answer 72

0.05- 0.15 Gy