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Radiation Protection & Radiobiology > ionizing radiation and radiation quantities and units > Flashcards

ionizing radiation and radiation quantities and units Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 source types of radiation

A

natural
manmade

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2
Q

what is natural radiation

A

radiation always present in the environment

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3
Q

what is manmade radiaiton

A

radiation created by humans, for specific purposes

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4
Q

what are 3 types of natural raidaiton

A

terrestrial rad
cosmic rad
internal radiation from radioactive molecules

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5
Q

what are 5 types of manmade rad

A

consumer products containing radioactive material
air travel
nuclear fuel (for power gen)
atmospheric fallout
nuclear power plant accidents

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6
Q

what type of source does radon come from

A

natural, terrestrial

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7
Q

where does a person get most of their radiation exposure from?

A

medical radiation

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8
Q

what are the 2 largest medical sources of artificial radiation

A
  • diagnostic x-ray (CT, fluoro, conventional)
  • nuclear medicine procedures
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9
Q

how much exposure does a pt generally receive from a chest xray

A

0.08 mSv

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10
Q

a chest xray is approximately equal to how long of natural radiation?

A

10 days

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11
Q

a CT head scan is approximately equal to how long of natural radiation?

A

1 year

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12
Q

a CT abdominal scan is approximately equal to how long of natural radiation?

A

4.5

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13
Q

how does radiation relate to energy

A

radiation is kinetic energy, that passes from one location to another
can have many manifestations

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14
Q

what is ionizing radiaition

A

radiation with kinetic energy that has the ability to produce charged particles (ions) when passing through matter

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15
Q

all ionizing radiation can be classified into what categories

A

electromagnetic radiation
particulate radiation

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16
Q

what is ionization

A

the conversion of atoms to ions

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17
Q

which modalities use non ionizing radiation forms

A

ultrasound and MRI

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18
Q

do photons have mass or charge?

A

no, neither

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19
Q

what are em waves characterized by

A

their frequency and wavelength

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20
Q

what does wave-particle duality mean?

A

emr can travel like a wave, but interact with matter like a particle

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21
Q

particulate includes: (4)

A

alpha particles
beta particles
neutrons
protons

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22
Q

does ionization occur when subatomic particulate particles are at rest?

A

no

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23
Q

where do alpha particles come from

A

emitted from nuclei of VERY HEAVEY elements such as uranium and plutonium, during radioactive decay

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24
Q

each alph particle contains what

A

2 protons, 2 neutrons

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25
alpha particles are basically what
helium nuclei, minus their electrons
26
alpha marticles have a (large/small) mass, and a (+/-) charge
large mass positive charge
27
are alpha particles harmful as external rad?
virtually, no
28
are alpha particles considered harmful as an internal source of rad
yes!!
29
what are beta particles
identical to electrons except... emitted from nucleus of a radioactive atom
30
how light are beta compared to alpha
8000 times lighter
31
what is the electrical charge of an alpha particle
+2
32
what is the electrical charge of a beta particle
-1
33
what is radiation exposure
amount of charge created / kg of air
34
exposure is used for only ___
photons (not particulate) less than 3 MeV
35
what is radiation dose
energy absorbed within an object or medium
36
what is the SI unit of exposure
C/kg
37
what is the conventional exposure unit
R or mR
38
what is the formula to convert R to C/kg
1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg
39
why do we care about exposure ( the unit for travelling through air)
attenuation processes for air, water, and soft tissue are all v similar
40
what is air Kerma
expresses how much energy is transferred/deposited from x-rays to air
41
what does KERMA stand for
kinetic energy released in a unit mass of air
42
what is the SI unit for air kerma
Gy = J/kg
43
Gy = ?
J/kg
44
what is DAP
dose area product an estimation of the total energy delivered to a patient (at entrance surface) during an exposure
45
DAp is expressed using what
Gy-cm^2 mGy-cm^2
46
absorbed dose measures what
amount of energy that is imparted to a medium
47
what is the SI unit of absorbed dose
Gy J/kg
48
what is the conventional unit for absorbed dose
rad
49
1 rad = ? Gy
1 rad = 0.01 Gy
50
what is equivalent to 1mGy of absorbed dose
Kair of 1 mGy
51
what is the SI unit of equivalent dose
J/kg SV or mSv
52
1 J/kg = ? Sv
1 J/kg = 1 Sv
53
what is the non SI unit of equivalent dose
rem
54
1 J/kg = ? Sv = ? rems
1 J/kg = 1 Sv = 100 rems
55
equivalent dose is equal to...
the product of absorbed dose (Gy) in a tissue or organ and its radiation weighting factor (Wr)
56
EqD =
D x Wr
57
(for eqD) SV =
Gy x Wr
58
what is the difference between equivalent dose and effective dose
effective dose takes into consideration the differing sensitivities of tissues to radiation
59
annual dose limit, rad worker, whole body
20mSv/ year effective over 5 years no more than 50 mSv in any year
60
annual dose limit, rad worker, lens of the eye
20mSv/year effective dose over 5 no more than 50 mSv in one year
61
annual dose limit, rad worker, skin
500 mSv equivalent dose
62
annual dose limit, rad worker, hands and feet
500 mSv equivalent dose
63
annual dose limit, public, whole body
1 mSv effective dose
64
annual dose limit, public, lens of the eye
15 mSv
65
annual dose limit, public, skin
50 mSv equivalent dose
66
what is the SI unit of effective dose
J/kg SV or mSv
67
what is the conventional unit of effective dose
1 rem
68
EfD = ?
EfD = D x Wr x Wt
69
(for EfD) Sv = ?
SV = Gy x Wr x Wt
70
what does the tissue weighting factor take into account
the carcinogenic sensitivity of each organ
71
what are the five interactions x-rays can have with matter
coherent scatter photoelectric absorption Compton scattering pair production photodisintegration
72
what is the diagnostic radiology energy range
23 to 150 kVp
73
what are 3 results of excessive occupational radiation exposure
radiodermatitis cancer blood disorders

Radiation Protection & Radiobiology (9 decks)

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