EARLY EARTH AND EMERGENCE OF LIFE

Question 1

earth was formed ___ based on evidence from radiometric dating

Answer 1

4.6 BYA

Question 2

time of origin of life

Answer 2

4.0 BYA

Question 3

processes on early earth that produced very simple cells

Answer 3

1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
3. packagig of molecules into protocells
4. origin of self replicating molecules

Question 4

droplets with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry different from surroundings

Answer 4

protocells

Question 5

hypothesized that the early earth atmosphere was a reducing environment

Answer 5

A. I. Oparin and JBS Haldane

Question 6

conducted experiments that showed that abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible

Answer 6

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

Question 7

aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane like structure

Answer 7

protobionts

Question 8

fluid filled compartments enclosed by a mmebrane like structure that have been the area where reproduction conditions were met

Answer 8

vesicles

Question 9

soft mineral clay produced by weathering of volcanic ash. greatly increased self assembly of vesicles due to how common they were in old earth

Answer 9

montmorillonite

Question 10

RNA catalysts that can make complementary copies of short pieces of RNA

Answer 10

ribozymes

Question 11

earth’s history is divided into 3 eons:

Answer 11

1. archaean (4b)
2. proterozoic (4b)
3. phanerozoic (1/2b)

Question 12

last common universal ancestor

Answer 12

luca

Question 13

layered rocks that were formed frm activity of prokaryotes

Answer 13

stromatolites

Question 14

blue-green algea that were the main photosynthetic organism for a billion years and remain one of the most important organisms today

Answer 14

cyanobacteria

Question 15

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally individual prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

Answer 15

endosymbiotic theory

Question 16

cell that lives within another cell

Answer 16

endosymbiont

Question 17

evidences of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 17

1. similarity in structure and function of inner membrane
2. they transcribe and translate their own DNA
3. their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic