circulation in animals Flashcards
minimizes the distances that substances must diffuse to enter or leave a cell.
circulatory system
three components of circulatory system
circulatory fluid
interconnecting vessels
muscular pump
type of circulatory system where the circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly
open circulatory system
the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells in an open circulatory system
hemolymph
type of circulatory system where the circulatory fluid is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
closed circulatory system
The closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates
cardiovascular system
carry blood away from the heart to organ throughout the body
arteried
Within organs, arteries branch into these, small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries
arterioles
microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls.
capillaries
network of capillaries that infiltrate every tissue, passing within a few cell diameters of every cell in the body
capillary beds
At their “downstream” end, capillaries converge into____ converge
into ____ that carry blood back to the heart
venules, veins
he blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart
single circulation
A mechanism in which blood circulates twice through the heart in one complete cycle
double circulation.
receives blood from body tissues and circulates it through the lungs,
pulmonary circuit
pulmocutaneous circuit
includes capillaries in both the lungs and the skin
One complete sequence of pumping and filling in the heart
cardiac cycle
The contraction and relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
systole, diastole
The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute
cardiac output
factors that determine cardiac output
heart rate (number of beats per minute)
stroke volume (amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in a single contraction)
liquid matrix that suspend cells of connective tissue of vertebrate blood
plasma
fragments of cells in the blood that are involved in the clotting process
platelets
component of blood that is by far the most numerous blood cells
erythrocytes
five major types of leukocytes
phagocytic
lymphocytes
their function in the blood is to fight infections and are also found outside the circulatory system
leukocytes
pinched-off cytoplasmic fragments of specialized bone marrow cells. They are about 2–3 μm in diameter and have no nuclei.
platelets
