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Anatomy > Early Development > Flashcards

Early Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where do primordial cells live ?

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

What week do primordial cells emerge?

A

4th week

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3
Q

What week do primordial cells migrate ?

A

6th week

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4
Q

Where do primordial cells undergo meiosis?

A

Gonads

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5
Q

What is the importance of meiosis one ?

A

replication of DNA with crossover

without splitting of centromere

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6
Q

What is the importance of meiosis two ?

A

centromere splitting

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7
Q

When do the male primordial cells go dormant ?

A

@ 6th week

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8
Q

How long are the male primordial cells dormant for ?

A

6th week till puberty

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9
Q

When does meiosis start for males ?

A

@ puberty

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10
Q

What are the male cells that arise from primordial cells ?

A

Type A spermatogonia undergo mitoiss = stem ells

Type B spermatogonia undergo meiosis

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11
Q

What type of cell is approaching meiosis one ?

A

”- gonia” cells

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12
Q

When does female oogonia replicate?

A

6th week to 4th month

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13
Q

When is there a maximum number of oocytes in a females ?

A

5th month

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14
Q

When do oogonia enter meiosis one ?

A

5th month

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15
Q

What are the arrested times of oocytes in the females ?

A

1st- prophase of meiosis 1 :5 mth

2nd- metaphase of meiosis II : hrs before ovulation

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16
Q

When does meiosis I go to completion ?

A

during time of menses to form secondary oocyte

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17
Q

How does secondary oocyte go to completion?

A

With fertilization from sperm

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18
Q

Where do the reproductive organs arise from ?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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19
Q

What is emerges from the intermediate mesoderm

A

Urogenital ridge

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20
Q

What does the primary sex cords give rise to?

A

Males–> seminiferous tubules

Females–> primordial follicles

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21
Q

What is the name of the male genital tract ?

A

Mesonephric duct ( wollfian)

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22
Q

What influences the male genital tract ?

A

Testosterone

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23
Q

What is the name of the female genital tract?

A

paramesonephric ducts ( mullerian)

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24
Q

What influences the female genital tract ?

A

estrogen

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25
Q

What differentiates the indifferent gonads ?

A

Y chromosome with the SRY gene & TDF

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26
Q

When do males produce testosterone?

A

by the 8th week by Leydig cells

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27
Q

what triggers the sec cords in a males?

A

testosterone from the leydig cells

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28
Q

What gives rise to male external genitalia in a male?

A

Dihydrotestosterone by 5 alpha reductase

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29
Q

How does the ovary form?

A

absence of Y chromosome

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30
Q

What is a Gartner duct ?

A

Remnants of mesonephric duct

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31
Q

Describe how a bicornuate uterus is formed?

A

improper fusion of the paramesonephric duct

32
Q

When are the external genital distinguishable ?

A

12 week

33
Q

What does the tubercle, folds, and swellings form in the females?

A

tubercle- clitoris
folds- labia minora
swellings - labia majora

34
Q

What does the tubercle, folds, and swellings form in the male?

A

tubercle- glands penis
folds- ventral side of penis
swellings- scrotum

35
Q

Hypospadias

A

Ventral opening

defect in folds

36
Q

Epispadias

A

Dorsal opening

body wall defect

37
Q

What needs to be removed for proper implantation?

A

Zona pellucida

38
Q

What is the first form of blood supply for the fetus ?

A

yolk sac until 6th week

39
Q

Where does the blood supply come from after the 6th week?

A

liver, spleen , thymus

40
Q

Where does blood supply arise in the last trimester of the fetus s?

A

bone marrow

41
Q

What sustains life for the first trimester?

A

Corpus lutem

42
Q

What is the hormone produced that sustains the first trimester?

A

Progesterone

43
Q

What forms the 3 germ layers and the notochord ?

A

migration of epiblast

44
Q

What are the three sections of mesoderm ?

A

paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral plate mesoderm

45
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

sclerotome: axial skeleton
myotome : muscles of the body & limbs
dermatome: dermis of the back

46
Q

What does the lateral mesoderm give rise to ?

A

somatic : lateral fold

splanchnic: heart

47
Q

What does endoderm give rise to?

A

epithelial lining : GI tract, Lower respiratory system, genitourinary system, pharyngeal pouches

parenchyma of: Liver, pancreas, submandibular, sublingual glands

Endocrine: parathyroid glands, follicles of thyroid

48
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to?

A

Musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, genitourinary

Spleen

49
Q

What are the layers of that the adrenal is derived from?

A

Cortex- mesoderm

medulla - neural crest

50
Q

What does neural crest cells give rise to ?

A

Peripheral nervous system, head ( pharyngeal arch), heart (cushion, aorticopulmonary septum )

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

51
Q

What does neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

Neural tube - CNS ( barin , spinal cord)

posterior pituitary

52
Q

What does surface ectoderm give rise to ?

A

Skin, hair, nails
anterior pituitary
anal canal
parotid gland

53
Q

What is a sacrococcxygeal teratoma ?

A

failure of primitive streak to regress

54
Q

What is a chordoma?

A

remnant of the notochord

55
Q

What does the dorsal ramus affect?

A

Sensory and motor of the back

56
Q

What does the ventral ramus affect?

A

Sensory and motor of the anterior & limbs

57
Q

What is the components of the spinal nerve ?

A

Ventral and Dorsal

58
Q

Where are somatic sensory unipolar neurons found?

A

PNS

59
Q

Where are somatic motor multipolar neurons found ?

A

CNS

60
Q

Pia mater

A

attached to the cord
ends at L2
forms denticulate ligament & filum terminale

61
Q

Dura mater

A

ends at S2

dense outermost layer

62
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

ends at S2

between dura and pia

63
Q

What are the meningeal spaces ?

A

subarachnoid space : CSF filled

epidural space: outside the dura, contains fat and venous plexus

64
Q

What does the autonomic system control ?

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

65
Q

What is the sympathetic cord segments for body wall and limbs?

A

T1- L2 lateral horn

66
Q

What are the segments of sympathetic COLLATERAL ?

A

Lumber splanchnic L1-L2

Thoracic splanchnic T5-T12 ( FG:T5-9, MG:T10-11, kidney gonadsT12)

67
Q

What are the 3 sympathetic chain segments?

A

Thoracic viscera T1-T5
Head T1-T2
Body wall and limbs T1-L2

68
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervate ?

A

visceral organs of head and body cavities

limited vascular

69
Q

What are the parasympathetic innervations ?

A

Craniosacral
CN III, VII, IX, X
S2, S3, S4

70
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurons terminated ?

A

on the visceral organ

71
Q

What does pelvic splanchnic innervate ?

A

rectum
bladder
erectile tissue

72
Q

What does Vagus nerve innervate

A

Thoracic and abdominal viscera

73
Q

What does parasympathetic CN III innervate?

A

Ciliari ganglion (sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle)

74
Q

What does parasympathetic of CN VII innervate ?

A 
pterygopalatine ganglion  (lacrimal, nasal, sublingual)
submandibular ganglion (submandibular, sublingual)
75
Q

What does parasympathetic of CN IX innervate?

A

Otic ganglion ( parotid gland)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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