Early Childhood Development Flashcards
Sequence of brain development is (blank)
genetically programmed
(blank) of brain development is shaped by experience.
quality
What is the link between experience and innate ability?
neuroplasticity
To learn a fact or skill there must be persistent (blank) in the brain that represent the new knowledge
changes
Every skill you have, every fact you know, every memory you hold hs a (blank) in the brain
physical form
The brain is shaped by (blank)
experience
In a newborn brain, brain activity is confied to (blank)
subcortical structures (brainste,, cerebellum, thalamus)
What is the most undeveloped part of the newborn brain?
cerebral cortex
How does the brain develop?
from bottom up
What are the newborn reflexes?
Moro, root, suck, grasp, tonic neck, babinski
When do the newborn reflexes get suppressed as upper motor neurons?
when the cortex matures
What are the nwborn senses?
touch vestibular smell taste hearing vision (primitive)
At what age do you get synapse formation?
36 weeks gestation to 2 years
At what age do you get synapse pruning?
4 years to 6 years
What is the critical period?
the window of time in which brain has heightened ability to rewire in response to input from environment
Inadequate sitmulate during critical period can have permanent (blank)
disabling effect
How can you get congenital cataracts? What can result if not detected by 6 months?
lack of sitmulation to visual cortex
permanent vision impairment
What happens if you have language deprivation as a baby?
you will never be able to use grammer or assemble sentences correctly if
What happens if you have socia/global deprivation?
severe development and psychiatic problems due to lack of attention, love and physical contact early in life. Usually deeply trouble for life, even if adopted by loving family
Achievement of developmental milestones is a result of (blank) and (Blank) in cortical areas controlling those functions
synapse formation and pruning
If appropriate stimulation is absent/insufficient before the process of synapse formation and pruning is complete, then what happens?
an ability may be permanently lost
This is why recognition of developmental delay and early intervention are so important
What are the four major developmental domains?
gross motor
fine motor
language
social-emotional
New skills develop with maturations of (blank) and (blank)
motor cortex
complex feedback circuits
(medial and lateral premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, primary somatic sensory cortex)
What do the complex feedback circuits involve?
sensation and proprioception
How old is a child if they can lift head and shoulders when prone, has good head contol and begins to roll?
4 months
How old is a child if they are able to lift head when prone?
2 months
How old is a child if they can sit well alone?
8 months
HOw old is a child if they can roll well and sit in a tripod?
6 months
HOw old is child if they can crawl and pull to a stand?
9-10 months
How old is a child if they can walk without support?
12-15 months
How old is a child if thye can throw a ball overhand, runs , stoop to pick up a toy?
18 months
How old is a child if they can kick balls, climbs into chairs and jump?
24 months
What are gross motor red flags!?!?!?!?!
No head control by 4 months Does not sit alone by 8 months Does not crawl by 10 months Does not walk by 15 months Toe walks at least 50% of time after 6 months of walking alone
How old is a child that is able to bring hands together, to mouth?
2 months
HOw old is a child if they prefer dominant hand, unscrews lids, fits toys together, turns books pages, turns doorknob?
24 months
How old is a child if they reach for objects and voluntary grasps?
4 months
How old is a child if they put objects in/out of containers, scribbles with crayons?
18 months
How old is a child if they transfer objects, bangs/splashes with hands?
6 months
How old is a child if they bang objects together, pincer grasp?
9 months
HOlw old is a child if they release objects deliberatly, holds crayons/spoons?
12 months
What are fine motor red flags?!??!?!?!?!?
Does not reach and grasp toys by 6 months
Does not transfer toys by 9 months
Does not feed self with fingers by 12 months
Does not use pincer grasp by 12 months
Does not use a cup by 15 months
Does not scribble with crayon by 18 months
In regards to language skills, new skills develop with the maturation of what structures?
broca’s and wernickes areas of cortex and motor control of mouth/tongue/face
Which area for language skills matures first?
wernickes area (controls nouns) Brocas area is second (controls verbs and grammar)
How old is a child if they are giving a social smile and cooing?
2 months
How old is a child if they turn heads to voice?
4 months
How old is a child if they are babbling, squealing?
6 months
How old is a child if they wave bye-bbye, looks at person speaking, gives objects on command?
9-12 months
How old is a chil if they use 2-8 words spontaneously, 3 animal sounds?
12-15months
How old is a child if they use 20-50 meaningful words, 2-word phrases, 50% intelligible?
18-24 months
What are the red flags for language?
Does not turn head to voice/noise by 4 months
Does not vocalize by 6 months
Does not have at least 2 meaningful words by 12 months
Does not have at least 5-10 meaningful words by 18 months
Does not put 2 words together by 24 months
For social and emotional skill, new skills develop how?
with right orbitofrontal cortex connections to limbic systems
What does the right orbitofrontal cortex and limbic system regulate?
empathy, affect, and capcity for self-awarness
How old is a child if they are have awareness of people, regards faces, forms attachments?
0-5 months
How old is a child if they play social games (peek-a-boo)?
6-11 months
How old is a child if they show affection, initiate social contact, points for needs/wants, gaze follows parents’ pointing?
12-17 months
How old is a child if they seek help when in trouble and imitate parents activities?
18-24 months
What are red flags of social-emotional development?
All by 18 months: Not initiating social contact Not showing affection No reciprocal eye contact or giving/showing behaviors Inability to show pleasure
How do you asssess development?
exam
parent word of mouth
screening questionaires-> ( @ 9,18,30 months)
Screening tools: Denver II, ages and stages
What is the most widely used screenin test?
Denver II
In the denver assessment tool, what 4 categories are the tasks grouped into?
personal-social
fine motor-adaptive
language
gross motor
What does the Denver II show you?
shows percent of each age group able to perform task
What age groups can use the Denver II?
0-6 years
When should you use the Denver II?
for severe delays (not good for finding subtle delays)
How do you interepret the denver II?
child should be able to do tasks left of line
children should NOT be able to do tasks to right of line
What is the Ages and Stages assessment tool?
it is a parent-completed questionnaire
What do questions of the ages and stages address?
communication gross motor fine motor problem solving personal-social
What do you use the ages and stages assement tool for and why is it awesome?
it is easy to score and interpret, detects subtle delays well
How do you interpret the ages and stages assessment tool?
white area good and gray area bad (60 is best across the board)
How can you get problems of innate ability?
Genetics :(
(down syndrome, cleft palate, mytonic dystrophy)
pre/perinatal trauma, injury, illness (prematurity, TORCH* infections, FAS)
What does TORCH stand for and what does it do?
Toxoplasmosis, other (syphillis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes
Causes major brain damage
What are factors in attachment?
secure
avoidant
ambivalent
disorganized
What are factors in environment?
poverty
toxins
education
nutrition
What are factors in life events?
parental loss
abuse, neglect
stress
illness, injury
What are the symptoms of autism?
When do symptoms have to present to be autism?
impaired social interactions and communication, lack of empathy/awareness of others.
Unusual, reptitive, or narrow and obsessive interests and activities
Before age 3
What is the rate of Autisms (ASD)?
1 in 88
What are causes of autism?
genetic factors (5x more likely in boys than girls) Prenatal risk factors
What are some prenatal risk factors for autism?
older parent, diabetic mother, certain infections,drugs, other maternal conditions
How can you diagnose or screen for autism?
using the M-CHAT (should be performed on all 18 month olds)
How do you treat autism?
intensive behavioral therapy
early the recognition the better
What are these questions for:
Does your child ever bring objects over to you (parent) to show you something?
Does your child look you in the eye for more than a second or two?
Does your child ever seem oversensitive to noise? (e.g plugging ears)
Does your child smile in response to your face or your smile?
Does your child imitate you? (e.g you make a face-will your child imitate it?)
For autism
What is the nevada early intervention service and who can use it?
Physical/occupational therapy; speech evaluation/therapy; autism evaluations; genetics evaluations; nutrition counseling; social skills
before age 3
What is child find (school districts) and who can use it?
After age 3
Speech/evaluation therapy; autism evaluations/therapy
The quality of early life experiences and attachment are crucial to a child’s (blank)
development
