Adolescence Flashcards
What is considered early adolescence?
12-14 year of age
What is considered middle adolescence?
14-16 years of age
What is considered late adolescence?
16-18 years of age
Females gain 2x as much (blank) as males gain 2x as much (blank)
fat
muscle mass
When are females PHV (peak heigh velocity)?
males?
12 years
14 years
What is the first thing that happens when puberty starts?
you grow in height :)
How long does puberty take?
4-5 years
Girls start puberty (blank) years earlier than boys
2
Average age of pubertal onset for girls is (blank), for boys it is (blank)
9-11
11-13
For girls, puberty starts with what wonderful qualities?
breasts and pubic hair
For boys, puberty starst with enlargements of (blank)
scrotum and testes
What is the psychological impact of early maturation in males?
increased popularity, self esteem, and intellectual abilities and increased delinquent behaviors
What is the psychological impact of early maturation in females?
lower self-image
increased risk for depression/anxiety/ eating disorders and earlier sexual debut
Why are teenagers so emotional?
Cuz only their limbic system/amygdala is developed fully all other parts of brain are still developing
What does the hippocampus do?
memory
What does the cerebellum do?
coordinated physical and mental activities
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
Executive function: planning, setting priorities, suppressing impulses, consequences, judgment
What does the nucleus accumbens do?
delays reward seeking
What does the pineal gland do?
regulates melatonin
What is the cognitive funciton of early adolescence?
beginning of reasoning based on hypothesis or verbal propositions
What is the cognitive function of middle adolescence?
idealogical beliefs-family, religion, humanism, social, cultural; yet still egocentric (thinks mostly from their own perspective)
What is the cognitive function of late adolescence?
Improved ability to perceive outcomes of ideas, sense of time, concern for the future, hypothetical thinking, consider effects on others
During adolescene when do you get a second wave of proliferation and pruning? How much pruning is happening and what happens to thier white matter?
Females 11 years Males 12 1/2 years pruning by 15% white matter thickens "fewer but fast"
What are the psychological tasks of adolescence?
1) Develop a satisfactory and realistic body image.
2) Develop increased independence from parents and adequate capacities for self-care and regulation.
3) Develop appropriate control and expression of increased sexual and aggressive drives.
4) Identity consolidation, including a personal moral code and at least provisional plans for a vocation and economic self-sufficiency.
Body image is (blank) and influenced by the ‘goodness of fit’ .
self-evaluative
What is the “goodness of fit”?
self-evaluation of one’s own body, one’s expectations for the physical self, and the perceived evaluation of others.
Physical, cognitive and social changes of puberty influence the development of the (blank)
adolescent body image.
Body satisfaction scores are (blank) stable during adolescence, change occurs across this period.
NOT
Numerous studies confirm that girls’ body image (blank) as they progress across adolescence, but boys’ body image (blank). This shift occurs between the ages of 13-15.
worsens
improves
What are the causes of dissatisifed body image?
Models are underweight while most americans are overweight. The ideal for boys is muscular which is not attainable for early adolescent boys Magazine reading increases body dissatisfaction. Parent conflicts (mothers are strong transmitters and reinforcers of social messages around body image and eating)
Time decreases with family by (blank) percent for freshman and (blank) percent for seniors.
25%
15%
parents get de-idealized*
What is the main struggle between parents and adolescencents?
they want to be independent but need their parents
How often do kids fight with their parents?
20 times per month
Increased conflict between adolescents/parents in (blank) tapers off in (blank)
early adolescence
mid-adolescence
What are the parents concerns?
issues of loyalty, respect, responsibility and the dangers of sex, substance abuse and other risky behaviors
What are the adolescents concerns?
issues of autonomy, control of their own body and connections with friends.
most parent-child relationships stay solid in adolescence. (blank) parenting (warmth/responsiveness combined with firmness) produces the best outcomes for adolescents.
Authoritative parenting
First awareness of feeling sexual attraction occurs around the age of (blank)
10
Explicit masturbation at age 7 occurs in about (blank) %
10
Explicit masturbation at age 13 occurs in about (blank) %
80
Heterosexual play at age 13 occurs in about (blank) %
65
(blank) percent of 13 year old boys report one episode of same-sex play.
25-30%
(blank) are a prominent part of the adoelscent internal life.
sexual fantasies
For girls what is sex most important for?
For males?
relationship
pleasure
What is the sex drive for?
a search for love, identity and partnership
What is the erik erikson stage that is critical for adolescence?
identity formation vs identity diffuion
What is the main goal of adolescence?
figuring out who they are
What are Marcia’s Taxonomy for classifying adolescents into four identitiy statuses?
identity-confused
foreclosed
moratorium
identity-achieved
What is identity confused?
Not yet experienced an identity crisis or made a role commitment
What is foreclosed?
Made unexamined commitments
What is moratorium?
Actively struggling to define values and commitments.
What is identity-achieved?
crisis resolved
What is the moral code of an early adolescent?
Defers to social, family, school structure/beliefs
What is the moral code of middle adolescence?
Re-examines known values usually by negating parents beliefs
Parents receptivity will aid the adolescent to assess reality, effectiveness and maintain self-esteem
What is moral code late adolescence?
More introspective, able to consider the opinions of parents and others.
What is the social aim of early adolescence?
same sex peer group
What is the social aim of middle adolescence?
Males “catch up” to girls and interact Peer groups gain intensity (love, hate, acceptance, rejection) Appearance (fashion, hair, skin) Peer values > parent values Impulsivity peaks
What is the social aim of late adolescence?
Less narcissistic, thinks of other’s needs and opinions, relationships gain in meaning, witness increased ability to repress, sublimate, self-reflect etc.
What is considered normal for an adolescent?
Continuous growth
What are the facets of continuous growth?
balance reasonableness and emotional expression
active fantasy life, sexual and agressive impulses but able to sublimate
develop own value systems similiar and/or complimentary to the parents
What do the parents act like in a normal adolescent?
give mutual respect, give affection, give trust
What is the family like in a normal adolescent?
stable
What percent of adolescents are at continuous growth (the best place to be if you are a normal teenager)?
23%
What is surgent growth and what percent of adolescents are in it?
it is a successful but not optimal way to adapt via cycles of progression and regression
35%
What are these behaviors and correlations of:
cycles of progression and regression, relates to tasks smoothly or stubbornly, more likely to react to challenges with anger, less action oriented, prone to temporary depression and axiety, family more likely to suffer stress, death, illness or parental separation
surgent growth
What is the outcome of surgent growth?
overall successfully adapted but more inhibited, suppressed emotion, less introspective
What is tumultuous growth and what percent of adolescents are in it?
Lots of internal turmoil, dependent on peers, become criticl of social environment, less happy with themselves
What is the cause of the internal turmoil in tulmultuous growth?
difficulties at home and school
preoccupt with self-doubt and omnipotent fantasy
inconsisten reponse to demands
considerable conflicts with parents
What are the most likely stats of parents of children in tumultous growth?
contradictory messages regarding values, low SES, narital discord, psychopathology, disharmony in family environment
What are the leading causes of death among persons age 10-24 years in the US.
Car crash, homicide, suicide
What are the 5 leading causes of death among persons ages 10-14 years in the US?
- unintentional injury
- malignant neoplasms
- suicide
- homicide
- congenital anomalies
What are the 5 leading causes of death among persons ages 15-19?
- unintentional injury
- homicide
- suicide
- malignant neoplasms
- heart disease
What are the 5 leading causes of death among persons ages 20-24?
- unintentional injury
- suicide
- homicide
- malignant neoplasms
- heart disease
What was the percentage of high school students who smoked and what race and gender did it the most?
around 45%
hispanic males > white >black
What is the percentage of high school students who currently used tobacco and what race and gender does it the most?
23%
white males > hispanic >black
What percentage of high school students smoke more than 10 cigarettes/day and what race and gender does it the most?
7.8%
white males> hispanic> black
What percentage of high school students have ever drank and what gender and race does it the most?
70.8%, pretty much equal for gender, hispanic> white> black
What percentage of high school students have bing drank and wht race and gender does it the most?
21.9%
male hispanics> white> black
What percentage of high school student have smoked marijuana and what race and gender does it most?
40%
male blacks>hispanics>whites
What percentage of high school reported continuous smoking of marijuana?
23% black males> hispanic> white
What percentage of high school student have riden in a car/vehicle with someone who had been drinking?
24% female hispanic> black> white
What percentage of high school students had sexual intercourse?
47% male blacks> hispanic> whites
What percentage of high school studends used a condem during last sexual intercourse?
60% male black> white> hispanic
What percentage of high school students experienced dating violence?
9% (males and females equal) blacks> hispanic> white
What percentage of high school student have ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse?
8%
female black> hispanic> white
What percent of high school students felt sad or hopeless?
30% female hispanic> white> black
What percent of high school students seriously considered attempting suicide?
16% female hispanic> white> black
What percent of high school students attempted suicide?
8% female hispanic> black> white
Where can you find all the comprehensive information about youths?
YRBSS (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System) on CDCs website
How should you interview adolescent?
make sure they understand your terminology
establish rapport
be interested
ask about peer behaviors first
Tell me what you have to report regarding confidentiality?
if someone is hurting you, if you are planning on killing someone if I am concerned about your safety BUT you should tell the child first if you are planning on reporting something.
When do you have to report child abuse?
within 24 hours
When DONT you need parent consent?
Who has to pay?
if adolescent has been living apart from parents/guardian for greater than 4 months
if adolescent is married
if adolescent is a mother or has given birth
if adolescent is in danger if not given treatment
NOT the parents
What is the one thing that NO adolescent may consent for
sterilization
A minor under the influence or suspected of being under the influence of a controlled substance may give consent for what?
treatment of drug abuse or related illnes but the MD mus make every reasonable effor to report the fact of treatment to the parents within a reasonable time after the treatment
Is consent of a parent needed to examine or treat an STD?
NO
Is consent of a parent neede to provide birth control in nevada?
yes
What are Bright futures HEADSS questions?
questions to address healthcare concerns of adolescents (starts with easier questions, then gets heavier)
What does GAPS stand for?
gather info
assess further
problem identification
solutions
During problem identification, what should you ask the adolescent?
ask them their perception of the risk an his/her goals, does the patient want/interested to change
What is the patient willing to do?
What are the solutions part of GAPS?
self-efficacy (can the patient make a change)
solve barriers
