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Neuro > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the external ear?

A
  1. auricle (pinna)

2. external acoustic meatus

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2
Q

where does the external acoustic meatus end?

A

tympanic membrane

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3
Q

what does the external acoustic meatus start as?

A

concha

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4
Q

what is the function of the concha?

A

directs sound into external acoustic meatus

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5
Q

what are the walls of the external acoustic meatus formed from?

A

external 1/3 - cartilage

inner 2/3 - temporal bone

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6
Q

what connects the tympanic membrane to the surrounding temporal bone?

A

fibrocartilaginous ring

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7
Q

what part of the ossicular chain connects to the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

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8
Q

what supplies the deep aspect of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane?

A

maxillary artery

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9
Q

what supplies the external ear?

A

branches of the external carotid artery

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10
Q

what innervates the deeper aspect of the auricle and external auditory meatus?

A

branches of facial and vagus nerves

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11
Q

which bone is the middle ear contained in?

A

temporal

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12
Q

where does the middle ear start and end?

A

start - tympanic membrane

end - lateral wall of inner ear

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13
Q

what is the function of the middle ear?

A

transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
(via auditory ossicles)

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14
Q

where are the auditory ossicles located?

A

tympanic cavity in middle ear

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15
Q

what are the auditory ossicles?

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
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16
Q

what is the function of the auditory ossicles?

A

transmit sound vibrations through middle ear

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17
Q

what does the ossicular chain connect?

A

tympanic membrane and oval window

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18
Q

how is sound transmitted through the middle ear?

A
  1. sound vibrations cause movement in tympanic membrane
  2. causes movement in auditory ossicles
  3. movement helps to transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to oval window
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19
Q

what are the muscles of the middle ear?

A

tensor tympani

stapedius

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20
Q

what is the function of tensor tympani and stapedius?

A

acoustic reflex:
contract in response to loud noise
1. inhibits vibrations of ossicles
2. reduces transmission of sound to inner ear

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21
Q

what is the origin and insertion of tensor tympani?

A

origin - auditory tube

insertion - malleus (pulls it medially)

22
Q

what are tensor tympani and stapedius innervated by?

A

tensor tympani - branch of mandibular nerve

stapedius - facial nerve

23
Q

what does stapedius attach to?

A

stapes

24
Q

what does the eustachian (auditory) tube connect?

A

middle ear and nasopharynx

25
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

equalises the pressure of the middle ear to that of the external auditory meatus

26
Q

what are the main functions of the inner ear?

A
  1. convert mechanical signals from middle ear to electrical signals (to transfer information to auditory pathway in brain)
  2. maintain balance by detecting position and motion
27
Q

where is the inner ear located?

A

petrous part of temporal bone

between middle ear and internal acoustic meatus

28
Q

what are the main components of the inner ear?

A
  1. bony labyrinth

2. membranous labryinth

29
Q

what does the bony labyrinth contain?

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • 3 semi-circular canals
    contained in perilymph
30
Q

what does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A
  • cochlear duct
  • semi-circular ducts
  • utricle
  • saccule
    contained in endolymph
31
Q

where is the membranous labyrinth located?

A

within the bony labyrinth

32
Q

what are the openings from the inner ear to the middle ear and where are they?

A

oval window - between middle ear and vestibule

round window - between middle ear and scala tympani (part of cochlear duct)

33
Q

what does the vestibule communicate with?

A

anteriorly - cochlea

posteriorly - semi-circular canals

34
Q

what does the vestibule contain?

A

saccule

utricle

35
Q

what are the perilymph-filled chambers in the cochlea and where are they?

A

scala vestibuli - superior to cochlear duct & continuous with vestibule
scala tympani - inferior to cochlear duct & terminates at round window

36
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

swelling at the end of the semi-circular canals

37
Q

what is the organ of hearing?

A

cochlear duct

38
Q

what are the organs of balance?

A

vestibular apparatus

  • semi-circular ducts
  • saccule
  • utricle
39
Q

what are the epithelial cells of hearing?

A

organ of corti

40
Q

what do the saccule and utricle detect?

A

saccule - movement/acceleration of the head in the vertical plane
utricle - movement/acceleration of the head in the horizontal plane

41
Q

is the utricle or saccule bigger?

A

utricle

42
Q

how is balance information sent to the brain?

A
  1. head moves
  2. flow of endolymph in the semi-circular ducts changes speed and/or direction
  3. detected by sensory receptors in ampullae
  4. send signals to the brain
43
Q

what innervates the inner ear?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

44
Q

what are the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve and what do they supply?

A

vestibular - utricle, saccule, semi-circular ducts

cochlear - organ of corti

45
Q

what is responsible for auditory reflexes?

A

inferior colliculi

46
Q

How is information about the movement of the head sent to the CNS?

A
  1. Rotation of head in same plane as one of the semi-circular canals
  2. Endolymph moves in opposite direction
  3. Cupola and hair cells in ampulla bend in opposite direction
  4. Generates impulse to CNS about position head is moving in
47
Q

How is movement detected in the CNS?

A
  1. Impulses generated by semicircular canals
  2. Sent via vestibulocochlear nerve to vestibular nuclei (medulla)
  3. Vestibular nuclei make connections with nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV and VI
  4. Cranial nerves send information to relevant parts of body
48
Q

What is the function of the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A

Communication between vestibular nuclei and nuclei of nerves controlling eye movement

49
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Reflex movements of the eyes in response to stimulation of the vestibular system

50
Q

What is the Oculo-cephalic reflex?

A

Allows us to maintain gaze fixed on an object when head is moving

Neuro (6 decks)

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