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A Review Flashcard > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain?

A

via frontonasal duct into the semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus

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2
Q

Where does the ethmoid sinus drain

A

into the middle and superior meatus

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3
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

into the sphenoethmoidal recess

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4
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

it drains into the semilunar hiatus into the middle meatus

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5
Q

CN 5 V1

A

innervates lateral wall and anterior septum of the nose as well as parts of the sensation of the upper face

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6
Q

Choanae

A

opening at the back of the nasopharynx

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7
Q

muscle of the soft palate

A

tensor veli palatini

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8
Q

Muscles of the Middle Ear

A
  • stapedius muscle
  • tensor tympani muscle
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9
Q

Anatomy of the Tympanic Membrane

A
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10
Q

Describe the pathway of hearing sensation

A
  • oval window vibrates the perilymph fluid in the inner ear which is then transferred to the endolymph fluid within the Organ of Corti within the cochlea which stimulates hair cells
  • hair cells transmit sound information to the CNS via CN VIII
  • CNS: CN VIII → medulla oblongata→inferior colliculus of midbrain → superior olives → thalamus → auditory cortex
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11
Q

Semicircular canals

A
  • filled with endolymph
  • respond to rotation of the head in 3 planes
  • hair cells at the base of the semicircular canals are distorted when the head moves in the x, y, z planes
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12
Q

Vestibule

A
  • made up utricle and saccule
  • hair cells within the vestibule are pressed down by gravity, or if gravity /accelearation changes → hair cells become distorted
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13
Q

Vestibular pathway

A
  • for balance and sensation of balance
  • vestibular hair cells send signals via CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
  • received by pons and medulla oblongata → cerebellum and cerebral cortex
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14
Q

Nystagmus

A
  • rapid, involuntary eye movement as a result of activation of the vestibular system (usually side to side)
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15
Q

CN V3

A

mandibular brach: motor control of the tensor tympani muscle

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16
Q

CN VII: Ear

A

somatic snesation of the external acoustic meatus, motor control of the stapedius muscle of the middle ear

17
Q

CN VIII

A

hearing, vestibular sensation

18
Q

CN IX: Ear

A
  • somatic sensation of the external ear and middle ear
19
Q

Risk factors of otitis Media

A

smoking

family hx of OM

bottle feeding

attending daycare

20
Q

Bacteria associated with otitis externa and risk factors

A
  • Bacterial:
    • Pseudomonas aerugonisa, Proteus vulgaris, staph aureus, or E. coli
  • Fungal:
    • Aspergillus niger
    • Candida albicans
  • Risk factors:
    • allergies
    • psoriasis
    • eczema
    • seborrheic dermatitis
    • decreased canal acidity (possibly due to repeated presence of water)
    • irritants (e.g. hair spray/dye)
    • **skin maceration that sets the stage for bacterial infection **
21
Q

Non-syndromic Hearing Loss

A
  • partial or total hearing loss that not associated with other s/sxs
  • classifications:
    • Autosomal Dominant (DFNA)
    • Autosomal Recessive (DFNB)
    • X-linked (DFNX)
    • each has subtypes number in the order they were discovered
  • Mostly sensorineural but can less commonly be conductive
  • Mixed inner and middle ear hearing loss. = DFNX2
    • called mixed hearing loss
22
Q

Primary Immunodeficiencies in ENT

A
  • s/sxs: recurrent ENT infections
  • whether its viral, bacterail, or fungal depends on which genes are involved
  • early onset PIDs often have mendelian inheritance patterns
    • many are X-linked →occurring more commonly in boys
23
Q

Syndromic Hearing Loss

A
  • hearing loss in addition to other medical issues
  • characterized by mode of inheritance:
    • autosomal recessive (AR)
    • autosomal dominant (AD), or x-linked
  • 3 major syndromes:
    • Usher syndrome: retinitis pigmentosa and senorineural hearing loss
    • Pendred syndrome: abnormal iodine metabolism in addition to hearing loss
    • Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: profound sensorineural hearing loss, cardiac arrhythmias caused by prolonged QT interval
24
Q

Waardenurg Syndrome

A
  • ***Most common form of autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss***
    • 3% of childhood hearing loss
    • bilateral or unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, pigment abnormalities, and defining features of the face
      • white hair in front, differently colored irises (heterochromia irides), graying early, and vitiligo
      • face features: widely spaced medial canthi, broad nasal root, and unibrow (synophrys)
  • tx: cochlear implant
25
Q

Vestibular Schwannoma and Neurofibromatosis 2

A
  • benign tumors of the vestibularcochlear nerve (CNVIII)
  • NF2 = changes in the NF2 gene
    • regulations proteins production that functions as a tumor suppressor
    • usually caused by spontaneous mutation of the NF2 gene
      • otherwise inherited via autosomal dominant
  • S/Sxs:
    • problems with balance, tinnitys and gradual hearing loss
    • people with NF2 have less cafe-au-lait spots on the skin than those who have NF1
  • Tx: surgical removal if possible
    • radiation therapy
    • VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab (VERY EXPENSIVE)
26
Q

Environmental Impacts on Hearing

A
  • noise
  • aging
    • presbycusis
  • ototoxic drugs
    • aminoglycosides
      • can synergistically act with noise to cause severe hearing problems
  • viral and bacterial infections
    • Rubella (less so with vaccine and rhogam)
    • Cytomegalovirus is most common cause of congenital deafness*****
  • diet, stress, drugs, certain diseases and life styles
27
Q

3 Major Syndromes associated with Autosomal Recessive inheritance

A
  • Usher Syndrome:
    • retinitis pigmentosa and sensorineural hearing loss
  • Pendred Syndrome:
    • abnormal iodine metablism with hearing loss
  • Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome:
    • profound hearing loss
    • cardiac arrhythmias caused by prolonged QT intervals
28
Q

Waardenburg Syndrome

A
  • Autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss
  • white forelock, heterochromia, premature graying, vitiligo
  • unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
  • tx: cochlear implant
29
Q

Neurofibramatosis 2

A
  • noncancerous tumors of the nerves vestibular cochlear nerves
    • bilateral acoustic neuromas/vestibular schwannomas
  • mutation of the NF2 gene → tumor suppresor gene
  • less cafe au lait spots than in NF1
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, balance problems
30
Q

With the advent of vaccines what is the most common cause of congential deafness

A
  • cytomegalovirus

A Review Flashcard (27 decks)

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