E2. Antibiotics

Question 1

Slides 4 – 6 are definitions and background information.

Answer 1

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Question 2

Look at slide 7/7

Answer 2

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Question 3

What are the mechanisms of action for antibiotics? (4)

Answer 3

– inhibition of cell wall synthesis
– disruption of cell membranes
– inhibition of protein synthesis
– inhibition of DNA synthesis/function

Question 4

What drugs are responsible for inhibition of cell wall synthesis? (3)
What type of drugs are these in an antagonistic relationship with?(8/7)

Answer 4

Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin.

Antagonism with protein synthesis inhibiting drugs.

Question 5

What are the 4 drugs that disrupt the cell membrane? (9/7)

Answer 5

Polymyxin B, noviobiocin, nystatin, amphotericin B

Question 6

What are the 5 drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?(10/7)

Answer 6

Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol

Question 7

What are the 5 drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis/function? (11/7)

Answer 7

Potentiated sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, nitromidazoles, griseofulvin

Question 8

How is chemical structure useful clinically?(slide 12/7)

Answer 8

Useful clinically when considering new drugs or resistance to drugs.

Question 9

What are the 3 drugs that damage renal tubular epithelial cells?

Answer 9

Aminoglycosides, polymyxins, tetracyclines

Question 10

What drug does damage to the collecting ducts and more distal tubular structures?

Answer 10

Sulfonamides (crystalluria)

Question 11

What 3 drugs are hepatotoxic?

Question 12

An animal came into your clinic and tested positive for "bad" G+ bacteria only, what drug(s) is the BEST option to use? (slide 5/7)
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Macrolides
D. Penicillin G
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 12

E. More than 1 answer (C & D are both G+ Only=narrow spectrum)
* lincosamides are also G+ only/ narrow spectrum

**A. is broad spect. & B. is narrow G-.

Question 13

An animal came into your clinic and tested positive for "bad" G- bacteria only, what drug(s) is the BEST option to use? (slide 5/7)
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Potnetiated sulfonamides
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 13

B. Aminoglycosides

Question 14

Which of the following are considered to broad spectrum drug(s)?
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Potnetiated sulfonamides
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 14

E. More than 1 answer (A, C, & D)

Question 15

What drug(s) can cause Neuromuscular blockade? 
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Polymyxins
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 15

E. More than 1 answer (A, B, & C)

*Especially in combination with anesthetics

Question 16

What drug(s) can cause ototoxicity (Deafness and/or vestibulochlear injury)?
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Polymyxins
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 16

B. Aminoglycosides

Question 17

What drug(s) can cause CNS excitement?
A. Potnetiated sulfonamides
B. Macrolides
C. Polymyxins
D. Penicillin G procaine
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 17

D. Penicillin G procaine (mostly from the procaine)

Question 18

What drug(s) can cause GI upset?(Options below)
What are the signs you might see w/ this upset?(No options, 4)
A. Ampicillin
B. Chloramphenicol
C. Clindamycin
D. Lincomycin
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 18

E. More than 1 answer (A, C, & D0

Signs: Anorexia, Diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, dysbiosis

Question 19

What drug(s) can cause Bone marrow toxicity?(Options below)
What are the signs you might see w/ this upset?(No options, 2)
A. Sulfonamides
B. Chloramphenicol
C. Trimthoprim
D. Penicillin G procaine
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 19

E. More than 1 answer (A, B, C)

Question 20

What drug(s) can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Ampicillin
B. Polymyxins
C. Penicillin G procaine
D. Sulfonamides
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 20

C. Penicillin G procaine

Question 21

What can Fluoroquinolones cause in Dogs and cat? (15/7)

Answer 21

Cartilage damage in growing dogs.

Retinal damage in cats

Question 22

Look at slide 17-18/7

Answer 22

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Question 23

Define resistance.

Answer 23

A bacterium is not inhibited or killed by concentrations of an antibiotic that would normally do so at concentrations that can be reached in the patient.

Question 24

What are the 3 mechanisms that can cause resistance? (Things the body/bacteria can control, not involving stopping of Tx early) (slide 21-22/7 for examples of each)

What do these causes effect? (Single drug, all drugs, or both)

Answer 24

• Drug doesn’t reach target site.
• Drug is inactivated
• Target is changed.

These mech. can effect a single antibiotic and/or the class of antibiotics.

Question 25

Define Acquired resistance.

Answer 25

A bacterial strain that is normally susceptible

becomes resistant

Question 26

What are the 2 different type of acquired drug resistance?

Answer 26

• Chromosomal mutation (mutation of own DNA)

- Transferable drug resistance

Question 27

How does Chromosomal mutation (mutation of own DNA) happen?

What 3 drugs is this important for?

Question 28

What is Transferable drug resistance?

How can it happen? (3)

Question 29

How does Conjugation work?

What bacteria do this?

Question 30

Because of Transduction (bacteriophages), what drugs is Staph aureus resistant to? (2) (slide 27/7 more info in pics)

Answer 30

Pencillins and tetracyclines.

Question 31

What is transformation? What bacteria do this, and where do we believe this happens?(slide 28/7 pic info)

Answer 31

• Picking up of “naked” DNA.

- G+ bacteria, possibly in the GIT

Question 32

What are the factors of intrinsic resistance to drugs?(2)(slide 29/7 more info)

Question 33

Define biofilm. (slide 30/7 look at for more info)

Answer 33

An aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self- produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (called ‘slime’) adhere to each other and/or to a surface.

Question 34

Look at slide 31-33/7 Types of drug resistance that we caused

Answer 34

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