E2. Antibiotics

Question 1

Slides 4 – 6 are definitions and background information.

Answer 1

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Question 2

Look at slide 7/7

Answer 2

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Question 3

What are the mechanisms of action for antibiotics? (4)

Answer 3

– inhibition of cell wall synthesis
– disruption of cell membranes
– inhibition of protein synthesis
– inhibition of DNA synthesis/function

Question 4

What drugs are responsible for inhibition of cell wall synthesis? (3)
What type of drugs are these in an antagonistic relationship with?(8/7)

Answer 4

Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin.

Antagonism with protein synthesis inhibiting drugs.

Question 5

What are the 4 drugs that disrupt the cell membrane? (9/7)

Answer 5

Polymyxin B, noviobiocin, nystatin, amphotericin B

Question 6

What are the 5 drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?(10/7)

Answer 6

Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol

Question 7

What are the 5 drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis/function? (11/7)

Answer 7

Potentiated sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurans, nitromidazoles, griseofulvin

Question 8

How is chemical structure useful clinically?(slide 12/7)

Answer 8

Useful clinically when considering new drugs or resistance to drugs.

Question 9

What are the 3 drugs that damage renal tubular epithelial cells?

Answer 9

Aminoglycosides, polymyxins, tetracyclines

Question 10

What drug does damage to the collecting ducts and more distal tubular structures?

Answer 10

Sulfonamides (crystalluria)

Question 11

What 3 drugs are hepatotoxic?

Question 12

An animal came into your clinic and tested positive for "bad" G+ bacteria only, what drug(s) is the BEST option to use? (slide 5/7)
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Macrolides
D. Penicillin G
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 12

E. More than 1 answer (C & D are both G+ Only=narrow spectrum)
* lincosamides are also G+ only/ narrow spectrum

**A. is broad spect. & B. is narrow G-.

Question 13

An animal came into your clinic and tested positive for "bad" G- bacteria only, what drug(s) is the BEST option to use? (slide 5/7)
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Potnetiated sulfonamides
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 13

B. Aminoglycosides

Question 14

Which of the following are considered to broad spectrum drug(s)?
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Potnetiated sulfonamides
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 14

E. More than 1 answer (A, C, & D)

Question 15

What drug(s) can cause Neuromuscular blockade? 
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Polymyxins
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 15

E. More than 1 answer (A, B, & C)

*Especially in combination with anesthetics

Question 16

What drug(s) can cause ototoxicity (Deafness and/or vestibulochlear injury)?
A. Tetrecycline
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Polymyxins
D. Fluoroquinolones
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 16

B. Aminoglycosides

Question 17

What drug(s) can cause CNS excitement?
A. Potnetiated sulfonamides
B. Macrolides
C. Polymyxins
D. Penicillin G procaine
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 17

D. Penicillin G procaine (mostly from the procaine)

Question 18

What drug(s) can cause GI upset?(Options below)
What are the signs you might see w/ this upset?(No options, 4)
A. Ampicillin
B. Chloramphenicol
C. Clindamycin
D. Lincomycin
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 18

E. More than 1 answer (A, C, & D0

Signs: Anorexia, Diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, dysbiosis

Question 19

What drug(s) can cause Bone marrow toxicity?(Options below)
What are the signs you might see w/ this upset?(No options, 2)
A. Sulfonamides
B. Chloramphenicol
C. Trimthoprim
D. Penicillin G procaine
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 19

E. More than 1 answer (A, B, C)

Question 20

What drug(s) can cause hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Ampicillin
B. Polymyxins
C. Penicillin G procaine
D. Sulfonamides
E. More than 1 answer

Answer 20

C. Penicillin G procaine

Question 21

What can Fluoroquinolones cause in Dogs and cat? (15/7)

Answer 21

Cartilage damage in growing dogs.

Retinal damage in cats

Question 22

Look at slide 17-18/7

Answer 22

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Question 23

Define resistance.

Answer 23

A bacterium is not inhibited or killed by concentrations of an antibiotic that would normally do so at concentrations that can be reached in the patient.

Question 24

What are the 3 mechanisms that can cause resistance? (Things the body/bacteria can control, not involving stopping of Tx early) (slide 21-22/7 for examples of each)

What do these causes effect? (Single drug, all drugs, or both)

Answer 24

• Drug doesn’t reach target site.
• Drug is inactivated
• Target is changed.

These mech. can effect a single antibiotic and/or the class of antibiotics.

Question 25

Define Acquired resistance.

Answer 25

A bacterial strain that is normally susceptible | becomes resistant

Question 26

What are the 2 different type of acquired drug resistance?

Answer 26

- Chromosomal mutation (mutation of own DNA) | - Transferable drug resistance

Question 27

How does Chromosomal mutation (mutation of own DNA) happen? | What 3 drugs is this important for?

Question 28

What is Transferable drug resistance? | How can it happen? (3)

Question 29

How does Conjugation work? | What bacteria do this?

Question 30

Because of Transduction (bacteriophages), what drugs is Staph aureus resistant to? (2) (slide 27/7 more info in pics)

Answer 30

Pencillins and tetracyclines.

Question 31

What is transformation? What bacteria do this, and where do we believe this happens?(slide 28/7 pic info)

Answer 31

- Picking up of "naked" DNA. | - G+ bacteria, possibly in the GIT

Question 32

What are the factors of intrinsic resistance to drugs?(2)(slide 29/7 more info)

Question 33

Define biofilm. (slide 30/7 look at for more info)

Answer 33

An aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self- produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (called ‘slime’) adhere to each other and/or to a surface.

Question 34

Look at slide 31-33/7 Types of drug resistance that we caused

Answer 34

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