Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 2 > E1. Cardiovascular drugs > Flashcards

E1. Cardiovascular drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the drug of choice for a complete AV block?

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the drug of choice for an incomplete AV block?

A

Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the drug you want to use in an emergency with bradycardia?

A

Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the categories of your cardiac stimulants. (4)

Say what each does.

A

Beta-1 agonists: positive inotropic agent that increase the strength of muscular contraction.
phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Increase contractility and decrease afterload in the heart.
glucagon: increase contractility
calcium sats: inc. contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is your drug of choice to treat sinus bradycardia?

A

Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two ways to treat congestive heart failure (CHF)?
(general, exact on either CATEGORY)

A

– non drug therapy (restricted salt diet and/or restricted exercise)
– drug therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the types of drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. (6)o

A 
– positive inotropic drugs
– inodilators
– vasodilators
– diuretics
– beta blockers
– other agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two types of positive inotropic drugs?

A

Digitalis glycosides and beta-1 agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the three digitalis glycosides.

A
  • Digitoxin
  • Digoxin
  • Ouabain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the digoxin (and other digitalis glycosides) mechanism of action?

A

Inhibition of sodium, potassium ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane increases sodium available for exchange with calcium (increased contractility and heart)
the result is increased in intracellular calcium which results in a positive inotropic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cardiovascular effects of digoxin? (5)

A

–Positive inotropic effect
– reduction in sinus rate and slowing AV conduction
– prolonged PR intervals in ECG
– increased mechanical efficiency of the failing hearts
– normalization of blood pressure and peripheral resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are digoxin effects on the kidney and G.I. tract?

A

Kidney: diuretic effect mainly secondary to increased cardiac output.
G.I. tract: G.I. irritation, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is digoxin pharmacokinetics?(6)

adimin, bioavail., 1/2 life, metab, excretion

A

– oral administration or IV in an emergency
– oral bioavailability is more for the elixir (75%) than for the (60%)
– the half-life depends on the species (average 24 hours (for dog, horse is less, cat is more))
– small amount is metabolized by the liver
– undergoes enterohepatic recycling
– excretion is mainly renal in dogs and horses, and the renal and hepatic in cats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is digoxin therapeutic use?

A

–Treat congestive heart failure

– treat atrial arrhythmias in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the adverse effects of digoxin? (4)

A

– has narrow safety margin
– cats are more sensitive than dogs
– cardiac
– tachyarrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the predisposing factors for tachyarrhythmias involving digoxin? (7)p

A 
» Hypokalemia
» Hypomagnesemia 
» *Hypercalcemia*
» *Hypernatremia*
» *Hypothyroidism*
» *Hyperthyroidism* 
» Hypoxemia
  • read slides 16-18
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the two drugs that are beta-1 agonists.

A

Dopamine and dobutamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dopamine and dobutamine share what type of effect on the heart?

A

Positive inotropic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Say what dopamines effect is at low dose, medium dose, and high dose.

A

Low dose: vasodilation in visceral blood vessels (good for shock treatment, increasing RBF)
medium dose: increase cardiac automaticity
high dose: vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

*dobutamine increases cardiac contractility, not perfusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the three inodilator drugs.

Of the three which is the most important?

A
  • Pimobendan
  • Inamrinone
  • Milrinone

Pimobendan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Pimobendans classification?

A

An indicator drug (positive inotrope and balanced vasodilator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is another name for Pimobendan?

A

Vetmedin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What drug is the drug of choice as an inotrope? Why?

A

Pimobendan, Because it’s safer than digitalis (less arythmogenic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do inodilators do?

A

Increase cardiac output, cardiac contractility and vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Pimobendans mechanism of action?

A

–in failing heart, Pimobendan acts primarily by sensitization of the cardiac contractile apparatus to calcium by enhancing interaction between calcium and troponin C complex.
– As potential to increase intracellular calcium and increase myocardial oxygen assumption because it inhibits PDE III and probably V but this effect is minimal at therapeutic doses and dogs with CHF.
– inhibition of PDE III and V in blood vessels causes balanced vasodilation in the arteries and veins which leads to a reduction in both cardiac preload and afterload.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the uses for Pimobendan? (3)

A

–Approved to treat congestive heart failure in dogs.
– Effective as an adjunctive therapy in improving the quality and length of life in dogs with heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and chronic degenerative valvular disease (CVD)
– can be used with furosemide, Spironolactone, or ACE in heart failure patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the side effects for Pimobendan?

A

May cause diarrhea, vomiting, incompetence, seizures, and polyuria/polydipsia. (Less arrhythmogenic than digitalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Pimobendans contraindications?(2)

A

– should not be used in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

– clinical conditions where an increase of cardiac output is not physically possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Pimobendan pharmacokinetics?(4)

A

– absorbed rapidly upon oral ingestion and has around 60% bioavailability
– metabolically activated in the liver
– metabolites are excreted in feces with half-life of two hours
– bounded to plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the four classes/drugs of vasodilators used for CHF?

A

Ace inhibitors, hydralazine, nitrates, prazosin.

31
Q

What are the three classes of diuretics used in CHF?

A

Loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium retaining diuretics.

32
Q

What are the three drugs that can be used that fall under the beta blockers class?
Which one is most likely to be used?

A

Carvedilol, Metoprolol, or atenolol.

Carvedilol

33
Q

What is Carvedilol mechanism of action?(3)

A

– nonselective beta blocker and Alpha one blocker
– anti-oxidant
– inhibits endothelin (ET) release

34
Q

When should you use Carvedilol?

A

Early in treatment of CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy to blunt the harmful effects of sympathetic nervous system on the heart

35
Q

What is the drug of choice for pheochromocytoma?

A

Phenoxybenzamine

36
Q

Define arrhythmia.

A

Abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm

37
Q

What are the mechanisms of arrhythmias? (3)

A

– Abnormal automaticity
– abnormal conduction
– disturbance in both automaticity and impulse conduction

38
Q

What are the causes of arrhythmias? (9)

A 
– imbalances of sympathetic and parasympathetic
– changes in serum potassium, calcium, or magnesium
– hypoxemia
– acidosis
– mechanical trauma
– myocardial disease (ex. CHF)
– cardiac ischemia
– myocardial infarction
– drugs
39
Q

What are the two types of arrhythmias?

A

Tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias

40
Q

List the four classifications for antiarrhythmic drugs for tachyarrhythmias?

A

• Class I: Sodium channel blockers (local anesthetics ‐
membrane stabilizers)
• Class II:

41
Q

In your class I (sodium channel blockers) drugs with a subclass, 1A(Prolongs action potential), 1B (shortens action potential), and 1C (no effect on action potential). Give the drugs associated 1A.(3)

A

» Quinidine
» Procainamide
» Disopyramide

42
Q

In your class I (sodium channel blockers) drugs with a subclass, 11A(Prolongs action potential), 1B (shortens action potential), and 1C (no effect on action potential). Give the drugs associated 1B.(5)Which two are the most important?

A 
» Lidocaine
» Phenytoin 
» Tocainide 
» Mexiletine 
» Aprinidine

Lidocaine & Phenytoin

43
Q

In your class I (sodium channel blockers) drugs with a subclass, 11A(Prolongs action potential), 1B (shortens action potential), and 1C (no effect on action potential). What is an example of class 1C drugs.

A

Flecainide

44
Q

List the drugs in class 2(beta blockers). (8)

A 
– Propranolol
– Timolol
– Pindolol
– Oxyprenolol 
– Alprenolol 
– Atenolol
– Esmolol
– Metoprolol
45
Q

List drugs in class III (potassium channel blockers). (3)

A

– Bretylium
– Amiodarone
– Sotalol (nonselective

46
Q

List the drugs in class IV (calcium channel blockers). (2)

A

– Verapamil

– Diltiazem

47
Q

What is the therapeutic use of quinidine? (2)

A

– ventricular arrhythmias

–* drug of choice atrial fibrillation horses, cattle and large breeds of dogs.D

48
Q

What is the therapeutic uses for Procainamide?

A

It is effective for ventricular arrhythmias.

49
Q

What is the therapeutic uses for lidocaine? (2)

A

–Is the drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias due to general anesthetics, surgery, ischemia, and the trauma.
– Digitalis induced arrhythmias

50
Q

What is the therapeutic use for phenytoin?T

A

Digitalis induced arrhythmias Dogs Only

51
Q

What is the therapeutic use for propranolol? (4)

A
  • Drug of choice for supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia in cats
  • Digitalis‐induced tachyarrhythmias
  • Arrhythmias due to inhalation anesthesia
  • drug of choice for hyperthyroidism in cats
52
Q

What is the therapeutic use for Bretylium, Verapamil and diltiazem?

A

Bretylium:Refractory and recurrent tachyarrhythmias

Verapamil and diltiazem: supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, myocardial hypertrophy

53
Q

Look at slides 56 –58, 60 – 69, 83-84, 88, 100-102

A

They are just list of drugs

54
Q

What are the drugs of choice for both supra ventricular and ventricular tachyrrhythmias? O

A

Beta blockers

55
Q

What are the mechanisms of action ACE inhibitors? (7) i

A

–Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (kinase)
– inhibition of angiotensin II synthesis
– inhibition of aldosterone
– reflex increase in renin
– increased bradykinin level (vasodilator and stimulates PG’s biosynthesis which is also a vasodilator)
– our local tissue specific renin angiotensin system’s (RASs) in the heart, kidney, brain, adrenal and other tissues
– the local RASs in these tissues may be more important than the systemic RAS

56
Q

What are some ACE inhibitors therapeutic uses? (3)

A

– congestive heart failure
– drug of choice for hypertension in dogs
– chronic renal insufficiency and cats (benazepril
approved in Canada)

57
Q

How can you tell if a drug is an ACE inhibitor?D

A

It ends in pril.

58
Q

What is the ACE inhibitors pharmacokinetics? (3)

A

– Enalapril is available orally and parenterally but others are only oral
– Food reduces intestinal absorption of captopril
– Enalapril has a slower onset and longer duration of action than captopril in the dog (administered 1‐2 times daily)

59
Q 
Which ACE inhibitors are long-acting?
A. Benazepril
B. Captopril
C. lisinopril
D. Two of the above
E. all of the above
A

E (A and C)

*Administer once daily

60
Q 
Which ACE inhibitors are activated in the liver?
A. Benazepril
B. Captopril
C. Enalapril
D. Two of the above
E. all of the above
A

E (A and C)

61
Q

Why is Benazepril least likely to require dosage modification in renal failure patience?

A

It is significantly excreted bile (50%)P

62
Q

What are ACE inhibitors adverse effects? (2)

A

– Hypotension
– ACE inhibitors may lower intraglomerular pressure decreasing GFR in animals with systemic hypertension and azotemia

*coughing due to ACE inhibitors does not seem to be a problem in dogs and cats.

63
Q

What is captopril Adverse Effects? (3)

A

– Captopril may cause idiosyncratic glomerular disease in some dogs
– Captopril has more GI side effects than enalapril
– Captopril (‐SH group) may cause neutropenia, proteinuria and skin rash in some humans

64
Q

Name to direct acting vasodilators. Which does arteries only?

A

Hydralazine (arteriolar vasodilator) and nitrates.
*Both can be used in emergency hypertension case (hypertensive crisis)

Hydralazine

65
Q

What is hydralazine mechanism of action?H

A

– Increasing local concentrations of PGI2

– May be by inhibiting calcium influx into smooth muscles of arteries

66
Q

What is the mechanism of action for nitrates?

A

– Formation of the reactive radical nitric oxide (NO) which activates guanylyl cyclase
– increased cyclic GMP
– stimulation of GMP depended protein kinase

*balanced alpha one antagonist. Treatment for pulmonary hypertension and angina (chest pain). A

67
Q

What is the drug of choice for pheochromocytoma?I

A

Phenoxybenzamine

68
Q

List the three classifications for calcium channel blockers (CCBS). Give an example of each classification.

A 
– Diphenyl alkylamines
• Verapamil
– Benzodiazepines
• Diltiazem
– Dihydropyridines 
• Amlodipine
• Nifedipine
69
Q

What is the CCBS mechanism of action?

A

Inhibit the influx of extracellular calcium across myocardial and smooth muscle cell membranes. Decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits myocardial contraction results in violation of the coronary and systemic arteries

70
Q

What is the CCBS pharmacological effects on the heart? (5)

A

• Negative inotropic effect
• Negative chronotropic effect
• Increase oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue
• Decrease after load
• Coronary vasodilation

71
Q

What are the CCBS’s therapeutic uses? (4)

A

– Antiarrhythmic (Class IV)
• Verapamil and diltiazem are used in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
– Antihypertensive
• Amlopdipine is recommended as the first‐line antihypertensive in cats unless the cause is hyperthyroidism, in this case a

72
Q

What is the drug of choice in cats for myocardial hypertrophy?

A

Diltiazem

73
Q

What should first be used in hypertensive cats? If it has hyperthyroidism what should you use?

A

Amlopdipine.

Use a beta blocker

74
Q

What are CCBS adverse effects? (4)

A

– Bradycardia and AV block
– Hypotension
– GI side effects
– Elevated liver enzymes (temporary)

Pharm 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions