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Pharm 2 > E1. Drugs that act on the blood > Flashcards

E1. Drugs that act on the blood Flashcards

1
Q

How do you treat microcytic (hypochromic) anemia?

A 
• Iron preparations
– Parenteral (iron carbohydrate complexes) – Oral (e.g., ferrous chloride, ferrous 
phosphate, ferrous sulfate) 
• Copper preparations
– Copper sulfate orally
– Copper glycinate SC or IM
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2
Q

What drug is used to treat anemia due to chronic renal failure or bone marrow suppression?

A

Erythropoietin, EPO(Epogen) other options are iron or anabolic steroids.

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3
Q

What is an issue associated with EPO?

A

It may increase blood pressure

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4
Q

What can treat macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and ruminants?

A

Cobalt

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5
Q

What are the four ways to treat mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

Supportive treatment
Blood transfusion
Immunosuppressive
Intravenous gamma globulin

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6
Q

What is supportive treatment for immune mediated hemolytic anemia (INHALE)?

A

Fluid therapy, acid-base balance, organ perfusion.

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7
Q

What are the four types of immunosuppressive used to treat immune mediated hemolytic anemia?
Slide nine

A
  • Glucocorticoids (prednisone, prednisolone)
  • Cytotoxic drugs (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide)
  • Danazol
  • Cyclosporin A
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8
Q 
Which of the following can cause anemia if deficient in?
A. Copper 
B. Vitamin K1
C. Iron
D. Both A and C
E. None of the above
A

D. Both A and C

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9
Q

Which is more irritating organic or inorganic iron?

A

Inorganic iron

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10
Q 
What is a good granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G – CSF)?
A. Filgrastim 
B. Sirgrastim
C. Epinephrine
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A

A. Filgrastim

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11
Q 
What is a good granulocyte – macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM – CSF)?
A. Filgrastim 
B. Sirgrastim
C. Epinephrine
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A

B. Sirgrastim

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12
Q

What makes anticancer drugs the most dangerous class of drugs?explain.

A

Patient can die from adverse affects rather than the cancer itself. It kills off rapidly growing cells for example cells found in your gastrointestinal tract, or hair follicles.

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13
Q

How are Filgrastim and sargrastim given?

A

They are given by injection.

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14
Q

What is adverse effect of your CSF drugs?

A

Bone pain because the bone marrow is the site of action.

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15
Q

What are local hemostatics used for and give an example of a local hemostatic.

A

They are used to control. Example is epinephrine.

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16
Q

How does epinephrine work to control bleeding?

A

It works as a vasoconstrictor, and acts on your alpha1 receptors.

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17
Q

Where are your alpha one receptors located?

A

They can be found in the skin, mucous membranes, subcutaneous blood vessels and visceral blood vessels.

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18
Q

List the different types of local hemostatics (4).

A

Vasoconstrictors, astringents, surgical, and physiological.

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19
Q

List the types of astringents and which is more astringent?

A

Tannic acid and ferric chloride. Ferric chloride is more astringent then tannic acid.

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20
Q

List the types of surgical hemostatics. (3)

A

Oxidized cellulose, gelatin sponge, collagen

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21
Q

List the types of physiological hemostatics.

A

Thromboplastin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin foam.

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22
Q

Can you use local hemostatics (styptics) systemically? Why?

A

No, because if used systemically it will cause an emboli.

23
Q

What are the five categories of systemic hemostatics?

A 
Clotting factors
Vitamin K
Protamine sulfate
Aminocaproic acid
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
24
Q

Name two different typed of clotting factors.

A

Blood transfusion

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

25
Q 
An animal is bleeding from warfarin what drug should you get it?
A. K1(Phytonadine)
B. K2(menaquine)
C.K3 (menadione)
D. Any of the above work
E. Two of the above can work
A

A. K1(Phytonadine)

26
Q

Why does warfarin prevent clotting?

A

It contains sulfonimides.

27
Q 
What vitamin K should you never use in a horse?why?
A.K1
B. Menadione 
C. K3
D. Phytonadine 
E. Two of the above
A

E. Two of the above (B&C) because

28
Q 
How is vitamin K best given to animals maintenance therapy?
A. Oral
B. IM
C. SQ
D. IV
E.more than one of the above
A

A. Oral
If using a needle make sure it’s a small one, otherwise bleeding will occur. IV is more likely to cause a hypersensitivity.

29
Q 
What vitamin K be used to treat?
A. Warfarin poisoning
B. Vitamin K deficiency
C. Spoiled Sweetclover (melilotus spp.). 
D. Two of the above
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

30
Q

How long will take for vitamin K to work on warfarin poisoning?

A

About a day due to existing quite elation factors.

31
Q

What is the specific antidote for heparin?

A

Protamine sulfate

32
Q

How does protamine sulfate work to treat heparin?

A

Is given slowly through IV, and it is a basic drug that binds heparin (acid) to form a salt.*do not overdose because it has an anticoagulant effect. It is also known as a chemical antagonist.

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminocaproic acid?

A

Inhibits the conversion of plasminogen to Plasmin.

34
Q

What is the drug of choice for hyperfibrinolysis/thrombolytic agent toxicity?

A

Aminocaproic acid

35
Q 
You have a German Shepherd with degenerative myelopathy what drug should you use?
A. Mannitol
B. Cobalt
C. Aminocaproic acid
D. Furosemide
A

C. Aminocaproic acid

36
Q 
You have a dog with Von Willinrand disease, what drug should you use to treat it?
A. DDAVP
B. Aspirin
C. Warfarin
D.Desmopressin
E. Two of the above
A

E. Two of the above (A&D)

37
Q

How long is desmopressin’s duration of action?

A

One hour

38
Q

What are the two drugs that prevent thrombus formation?

A

Heparin

Warfarin (Coumarin)

39
Q

How does heparin work?

A

It activates anti-thrombin three (8T3) which results in the inhibition of thrombin along with factors 9a, 10a,11a and 12a in the liver.

40
Q

How is heparin given/taken?

A

It is given by IV or subcutaneous. It is not absorbed or early and should not be done intramuscularly.

41
Q

What happens once heparin is in the body? (Action time/duration/Metabolized)

A

As a fast onset of action, short duration, and is metabolized in the liver.

42
Q

True or false, make statement true if it’s false. Warfarin is better than heparin to use as an anti-coagulant on a pregnant animal.

A

False. Heparin better than warfarin it comes to pregnant animals.

43
Q 
Which of these drugs is used to treat acute thromboembolism?
A. Warfarin
B. Epinephrine
C. Coumarin 
D. Heparin 
E. None of the above
A

D. Heparin

44
Q

What are some negatives to heparin?

A

Narrow safety margin and can cause hypersensitivity.

45
Q

How does warfarin prevent blood clotting?

A

Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, then it’s activation of the precursors of factors 2, 7, 9, 10.

46
Q

How is warfarin given?

A

Orally

47
Q

Warfarin binds extensively (__%) to albumin. It has a long duration of action (2–5 days), and is metabolized in the liver.

A

99

48
Q

What is negative with warfarin?

A

Is able to cross the placenta and can be excreted and milk.

49
Q

What is warfarin’s clinical use?

A

Prevents thromboembolic disease, and can be used as rodenticide.

50
Q

List the drugs that can increase warfarin’s response.(7)

A

Phenylbutazone, Salicylates, sulfonamides, broad – spectrum antibiotics, anabolic steroids.

51
Q

What drugs reduce warfarin’s response?

A

Enzyme inducers (ex. phenobarbital)

52
Q

List the drugs are thrombolytic agents. (4)

A

Streptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA/alteplase), anistreplase.

53
Q

How does aspirin inhibit platelet aggregation?

A

It Irreversibly inhibits the cox enzyme, and at Low levels will inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane a2(TXA2).

54
Q 
Which drug is an anti-thrombin drug?
A. Lepirudin
B. Clopidogerel
C. All of the above
D. None of the above
A

C. All of the above

Pharm 2 (17 decks)

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