E2 Flashcards
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is called
A. keratosis.
B. squamous cell carcinoma.
C. psoriasis.
D. melanoma.
E. basal cell carcinoma.
Melanoma
A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a ________ fracture
A. comminuted
B. greenstick
C. compression
D. transverse
E. spiral
Transverse
A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the
A. sphenoid.
B. crista galli.
C. ethmoid.
D. temporal.
E. maxilla.
Sphenoid
The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue?
A. areolar connective tissue
B. transitional epithelium
C. simple squamous epithelium
D. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which hormone increases calcium and phosphate ion absorption by the intestines?
A. calcitonin
B. calcitriol
C. thyroxine
D. estrogen
E. parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol
Each of the following is an inorganic compound except
A. bases.
B. water.
C. salts.
D. carbohydrates.
E. acids.
Carbohydrates
The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n) ________ reaction
A. exchange
B. endergonic
C. exergonic
D. equilibrium
E. decomposition
Endergonic
Usually found outside the capsule, ________ protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint
A. fat pads
B. bursae
C. ligaments
D. tendons
E. menisci
Fat pads
______ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone
A. Red
B. Gray
C. Yellow
D. White
E. Blue
Red
While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of
A. hydration intoxication.
B. malfunctioning elastin.
C. dehydration.
D. water intoxication.
E. advanced skin cancer.
Dehydration
Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by
A. enzymes.
B. electrons.
C. cofactors.
D. vitamins.
E. hormones.
Enzymes
Inflammation is
A. a fever.
B. a repair process that restores normal function to injured tissue.
C. an infection of a wound.
D. a process that clears damaged cells and dangerous microorganisms from an injury.
E. the process of blood clotting.
A process that clears damaged cells and dangerous microorganisms from an injury
The clinical term for joint inflammation is
A. arthritis.
B. bursitis.
C. rheumatism.
D. bunions.
E. atherosclerosis
Arthritis
A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is
A. glycogen.
B. sucrose.
C. lactose.
D. fructose.
E. cellulose
Glycogen
The process by which cells become specialized is called
A. cytokinesis.
B. determination.
C. differentiation.
D. distinction.
E. mutation
Differentiation
The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________.
A. replication; translation; transcription
B. mitosis; duplication; protein synthesis
C. reproduction; duplication; initiation
D. replication; transcription; translation
E. interphase; replication; active transport
Replication; transcription; translation
The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and
A. distal.
B. proximal.
C. medial.
D. os coxal.
E. coccygeal.
Coccygeal
A movement away from the midline of the body is called
A. inversion.
B. extension.
C. flexion.
D. adduction.
E. abduction.
Abduction
Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells
A. osteocreator
B. osteopropagator
C. osteogenic
D. osteoforming
E. osteotrophic
Osteogenic
The ligament that encloses the ________ attaches to the tibial tuberosity
A. patella
B. head of the femur
C. medial malleolus
D. greater trochanter
E. lesser trochanter
Patella
The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called
A. restoration.
B. ossification.
C. resorption.
D. remodeling.
E. osteolysis.
Remodeling
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as
A. salts.
B. bases.
C. acids.
D. organic molecules.
E. inorganic molecules
Organic molecules
The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the
A. stratum granulosum.
B. stratum basale.
C. papillary layer.
D. basal lamina.
E. stratum corneum.
Stratum basale
The gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc is called the
A. gelatinous fibrosus.
B. gelatinous pulposus.
C. synovial fluid.
D. annulus fibrosus.
E. nucleus pulposus.
Nucleus pulposus
A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n)
A. tight junction.
B. intermediate junction.
C. desmosome.
D. hemidesmosome.
E. gap junction.
Tight junction
The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called
A. exocytosis.
B. osmosis.
C. facilitated transport.
D. an ion exchange pump.
E. endocytosis.
Endocytosis
The part of the tibia that is easily felt through the skin and is known as the shin is the
A. anterior margin.
B. linea aspera.
C. medial malleolus.
D. anterior crest.
E. tibial tuberosity.
Anterior margin
To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from monomers. This process is called ________.
A. removed; crenation
B. removed; dehydration synthesis
C. added; denaturation
D. added; ionization
E. added; hydrolysis
Removed; dehydration synthesis
Which statement(s) about the functions of the paranasal sinuses is/are not true?
A. The mucus they secrete enters the oral cavities.
B. They support cilia that move the mucus.
C. They make skull bones lighter.
D. They provide an extensive area of mucous epithelium.
E. They are located in the sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, palatine and maxillae.
The mucus they secrete enters the oral cavities
The membrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called its
A. interphase.
B. quiet potential.
C. resting membrane potential.
D. inactive state.
E. passive state.
Resting membrane potential
The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.
A. ceruminous
B. merocrine sweat
C. apocrine sweat
D. sebaceous
E. axillary
Apocrine sweat
Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
A. adipocytes.
B. fibroblasts.
C. mast cells.
D. melanocytes.
E. macrophages.
Macrophages
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
A. mast cells.
B. plasma cells.
C. lymphocytes.
D. phagocytes.
E. platelets.
Platelets
The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as
A. collagen.
B. matrix.
C. cartilage.
D. chondroitin.
E. scaffold.
Matrix
Which muscle tissue consists of multinucleate cells?
A. skeletal muscle
B. cardiac muscle
C. smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following best describes osmosis?
A. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration
B. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
C. random movement of water due to kinetic energy
D. movement of water into a solute
E. active transport of water across the cell membrane
Diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false?
A. The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in ATP synthesis.
B. Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae.
C. The mitochondria produce most of a cell’s ATP.
D. The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.
E. The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle
The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.
If blood calcium levels rise above 11mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated?
A. calcitriol
B. calcitonin
C. estrogen
D. parathyroid hormone
E. both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Identify the mismatched pair.
A. enzymes speed up chemical reactions
B. carrier proteins allow a cell to move
C. recognition glycoproteins and glycolipids identify the cell as “self”
D. receptor proteins bind to extracellular ligands
E. channel proteins provide passageway for ions
Carrier proteins allow a cell to move
Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?
A. fibrous cartilage
B. elastic cartilage
C. dense regular connective tissue
D. hyaline cartilage
E. areolar connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old’s long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true?
A. Administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length.
B. Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.
C. The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.
D. More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates.
E. Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood
The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible
Voluntary movements are carried out by the contraction of
A. nonstriated muscle.
B. cardiac muscle.
C. smooth muscle.
D. skeletal muscle.
E. all types of muscle.
Skeletal muscle
Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?
A. body support
B. calcium homeostasis
C.blood cell production
D. protection of internal organs
E. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following processes is not found on the ulna?
A. olecranon
B. coronoid process
C. trochlea
D. radial notch
E. styloid process of ulna
Trochlea
A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, called
A. protraction.
B. dorsiflexion.
C. eversion.
D. inversion.
E. plantar flexion
Inversion
Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?
A. provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk
B. provides an attachment for muscles involved in breathing
C. provides protection for the brain and spinal cord
D. provides an attachment for muscles that move the appendicular skeleton
E. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct
A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be
A. saturated.
B. carboxylated.
C. polyunsaturated.
D. monounsaturated.
E. hydrogenated.
Polyunsaturated
Gesturing “no” with the head depends on the structure(s) of which cervical vertebrae?
A. atlas
B. axis
C. vertebra prominens
D. both the atlas and the axis
E. both the atlas and the vertebra prominens
Both the atlas and the axis
Which two fontanelles form along the sagittal suture?
A. posterior and mastoid
B. anterior and mastoid
C. anterior and posterior
D. posterior and sphenoidal
E. anterior and sphenoidal
Anterior and posterior
Compared to the male pelvis, the female pelvis
A. has a greater pubic angle.
B. is heavier.
C. has a thicker ischial tuberosity.
D. has deep acetabula.
E. is larger.
Has a greater pubic angle
An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid
A. purine
B. nucleotide
C. neutron
D. proton
E. protein
Nucleotide
An epiphyseal line is an example of a
A. synostosis.
B. syndesmosis.
C. gomphosis.
D. symphysis.
E. synchondrosis.
Synostosis
During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs.
A. metaphase
B. anaphase
C. interphase
D. telophase
E. prophase
Telophase
The true ribs are
A. ribs 8-12.
B. called vertebrochondral ribs.
C. ribs 1-7 and are called vertebrosternal ribs.
D. ribs 1-7.
E. called vertebrosternal ribs.
Ribs 1-7 AND are called vertebrosternal ribs
Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?
A. pH 2
B. pH 1
C. pH 7
D. pH 10
E. pH 14
pH 14
Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.
A. amino
B. neutral
C. carboxyl
D. reactant
E. active
Active
________ structure results primarily from hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between the R-groups of the polypeptide chain and water.
A. Pentanary
B. Tertiary
C. Secondary
D. Primary
E. Quaternary
Tertiary
The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.
A. melanin
B. carotene
C. sebum
D. hemoglobin
E. keratin
Melanin
All of the following are true of neurons except that
A. they are composed of a cell body and axon.
B. they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
C. they cannot divide.
D. they conduct a nervous impulse.
E. they receive information from other neurons through their dendrites.
They are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
What bone articulates with the coxal bone at the acetabulum?
A. tibia
B. femur
C. sacrum
D. humerus
E. fibula
Femur
The most common distortion of the spinal curvature is
A. spinosis.
B. spina bifida.
C. kyphosis.
D. scoliosis.
E. lordosis.
Scoliosis
The stage in a cell’s life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called
A. prophase.
B. interphase.
C. metaphase.
D. telophase.
E. anaphase.
Interphase
A lack of exercise could
A. cause bones to become longer.
B. cause bones to become thicker.
C. result in porous and weak bones.
D. cause bones to store more calcium.
E. cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.
Result in porous and weak bones
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?
A. shock absorption
B. provides nutrients
C. protects articular cartilages
D. increases osmotic pressure within joint
E. lubrication
Increases osmotic pressure within joint
________ is a type of angular movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones.
A. Adduction
B. Abduction
C. Flexion
D. Extension
E. Rotation
Flexion
The ________ of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint
A. styloid process
B. radial tuberosity
C. coronoid process
D. capitulum
E. olecranon process
Styloid process
The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
A. long
B. sesamoid
C. irregular
D. flat
E. short
Long
The lateral malleolus is found on the
A. calcaneus.
B. femur.
C. tibia.
D. patella.
E. fibula.
Fibula
A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy.
A. power
B. charged
C. high-energy
D. excitable
E. forceful
High energy
A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes making them brittle and compromises normal function is called
A. osteomyelitis.
B. osteoporosis.
C. osteitis.
D. osteopenia.
E. osteomalacia.
Osteoporosis.
The smallest stable units of matter are
A. neutrons.
B. electrons.
C. atoms.
D. molecules.
E. protons.
Atoms
The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is
A. DNA.
B. adenosine diphosphate.
C. adenosine triphosphate.
D. adenosine monophosphate.
E. RNA.
Adenosine triphosphate
Which of the following features is located near the proximal end of the humerus?
A. medial epicondyle
B. olecranon fossa
C. lateral epicondyle
D. capitulum
E. greater tubercle
Greater tubercle
The spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae fuse to form the
A. sacral hiatus.
B. sacral canal.
C. lateral sacral crest.
D. median sacral crest.
E. sacral tuberosity.
Median sacral crest
A synovial joint is an example of a(n)
A. symphysis.
B. diarthrosis.
C. syndesmosis.
D. amphiarthrosis.
E. synarthrosis.
Diarthrosis
Joints can be classified structurally as
A. fibrous.
B. synovial.
C. bony.
D. cartilaginous.
E. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following types of joints is monaxial, but capable of only rotation?
A. ball-and-socket
B. hinge
C. gliding
D. pivot
E. saddle
Pivot
Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by
A. keratinocytes.
B. carotene cells.
C. melanocytes.
D. soft keratin.
E. dermal papillae.
Melanocytes
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of
A. cutaneous membranes.
B. mucous membranes.
C. serous membranes.
D. synovial membranes.
E. the lamina propria.
Serous membranes
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.
A. interstitial
B. merocrine
C. endocrine
D. exocrine
E. holocrine
Endocrine
Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because
A. stem cells persist in the skin even after injury.
B. contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together.
C. fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis.
D. the epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels.
E. cells of the stratum basale cannot migrate to other positions in the skin
Stem cells persist in the skin even after injury.
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities and their supporting elements called
A. ball and socket.
B. joints.
C. girdles.
D. sutures.
E. rotator cuffs.
Girdles
Which of the following statements about water is false?
A. It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body.
B. It has a relatively low heat capacity.
C. It contains hydrogen bonds.
D. It is composed of polar molecules.
E. It can dissolve many substances.
It has a relatively low heat capacity
The coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the ________ joint.
A. coxosacral
B. vertebrocoxal
C. iliocoxal
D. vertebroilial
E. sacroiliac
Sacroiliac
Which one of the following is NOT one of the four main tissue categories?
A. neural tissue
B. osseous tissue
C. connective tissue
D. epithelial tissue
E. muscle tissue
Osseous tissue
Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except
A. regeneration.
B. polarity.
C. attachment.
D. extracellular matrix.
E. avascularity.
Extracellular matrix
Tom stumbles and injures his hallux. What part of his anatomy is injured?
A. his hand
B. his knee
C. his foot
D. his ankle
E. his hip
His foot
Arthritis always involves damage to the ________ cartilages, but the specific cause can vary.
A. intervertebral
B. costal
C. articular
D. elastic
E. fibrous
Articular
Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?
A. moving the hand toward the shoulder
B. turning the hand palm upward
C. opening the mouth
D. extreme bending of the head backwards
E. spreading the fingers
Opening the mouth
A male has a ________ pelvic outlet when compared to the woman’s pelvic outlet.
A. narrower
B. larger
C. wider
D. deeper
E. longer
Narrower
When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the
A. calcaneus and talus.
B. talus and cuneiforms.
C. calcaneus and proximal ends of metatarsals.
D. talus and proximal ends of metatarsals.
E. tibia, talus, and calcaneus.
Tibia, talus, and calcaneus
