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Sp24 - Oral Histology and Embryology > (E1) 1 - Head and Neck Development > Flashcards

(E1) 1 - Head and Neck Development Flashcards

Exam 1 - KLING

1
Q

What are the superior and inferior borders of the head?

A

Superior most aspect of the skull (vertex) and the inferior border of the mandible.

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2
Q

Components of the head anatomy

A
  • cranial cavity
  • ears
  • orbit
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • face and scalp
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3
Q

Define the borders of the necks anatomy

A

Base of the skull and inferior border of the mandible to the superior thoracic aperture

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4
Q

What are the internal structures of the neck?

A

Pharynx and larynx

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5
Q

What is neuroectoderm derived from?

A

Neural tube and neural crest

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6
Q

Where does the head and neck develop from?

A

Neural tube and neural crest cells drive the development

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7
Q

What happens in development during the late 4th week?

A

The head and tail fold onto itself

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8
Q

During what weeks does head and neck development take place

A

Weeks 4-8 (goal is to enlarge and then move structures towards the midline)

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9
Q

What two things are the face and neck derived from?

A

Pharyngeal arches and frontonasal prominence (swelling)

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10
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence give rise to?

A

Forehead and nose (nasal cavity, septum, primary palate and philtrum)

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11
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

Six bilaterally paired arches that give rise to part of the face, oral cavity, pharynx, and neck

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Provides a structural scaffold for the face, palate, and anterior neck

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13
Q

What does PA 1 split and give rise to?

A

Mandibular and maxillary prominences

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14
Q

What does PA 2-6 give rise to?

A

Pharynx, larynx, and neck

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15
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches support?

A

The lateral walls of the early pharynx

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16
Q

What does Ectoderm give rise to?

A

Epithelium of the external face and neck, mucosa of part of the oral cavity

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17
Q

In the ectoderm layer, what separates adjacent arches externally?

A

Pharyngeal grooves (clefts)

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18
Q

Which germ layer is the central core of mesenchyme?

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

What is Mesoderm composed of?

A

Head mesoderm and ectomesenchyme (differentiated neural crest cells that migrate into head mesoderm)

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20
Q

Which germ layer is the mucosal lining of the pharynx?

A

Endoderm

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21
Q

Endoderm is the internal lining of all pharyngeal arches except which?

A

PA1

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22
Q

What separates adjacent arches internally?

A

Pharyngeal pouches

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23
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch contain?

A
  • epithelial component
  • an artery
  • cartilage rod
  • muscle
  • sensory and motor nerves (neural tube and neural crest cells)
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24
Q

What is the critical period for congenital defects?

A

4-8 weeks

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25
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence give rise to?

A

Forehead, nose, nasal septum, philtrum, premaxilla of the upper jaw (4 incisors)

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26
Q

What is the ROSTRAL boundary of the stomodeum?

A

Frontonasal prominence

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27
Q

What is the LATERAL boundary of the stomodeum?

A

Bilateral maxillary prominence PA1

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28
Q

What does the bilateral maxillary prominence give rise to?

A

Upper jaw, upper lip, cheek and palate (hard and soft)

29
Q

What is the CAUDAL boundary of the stomodeum?

A

Bilateral mandibular prominence PA1

30
Q

What does the bilateral mandibular prominence give rise to?

A

Lower jaw, lower lip and cheek

31
Q

What appears as a slight depression of surface ectoderm?

32
Q

What germ layers make up the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

Surface ectoderm and endoderm

33
Q

What does the oropharyngeal membrane separate?

A

Each oral cavity (ectoderm) from the pharynx (endoderm)

34
Q

What happens to the oropharyngeal membrane around the 4th week?

A

Begins to degenerate creating an open connection between the oral cavity and the pharynx.

35
Q

What is the adult derivative demarcating the location of the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

Palatoglossal arch (fold)

36
Q

What is the palatoglossal arch?

A

Adult boundary between oral cavity and oropharynx

37
Q

Which germ layer forms the oral mucosa of oral cavity? (except floor of oral cavity)

38
Q

What germ layer forms the mucosa lining pharynx and floor of the oral cavity?

39
Q

What is the muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to C6?

A

Adult pharynx

40
Q

Describe the location of the nasopharynx

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate

41
Q

Describe the location of the oropharynx.

A

Posterior to palatoglossal fold and between soft palate and epiglottis

42
Q

Describe the location of the laryngopharynx

A

Between epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

43
Q

What pharyngeal arches give rise to the adult pharynx?

A

PA 2-4 and 6

44
Q

Where is the early pharynx derived from?

A

The foregut

45
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

Separate PA internally, endoderm lined outpouchings (evaginations)

46
Q

What are pharyngeal grooves?

A

Separate PA externally

47
Q

What do pharyngeal pouches give rise to?

A
  • Pharyngotympanic tube
  • palatine tonsils
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus
  • parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
48
Q

What does the PA 1 groove do and give rise to?

A

Invaginates (ECTOderm derived) and external auditory meatus

49
Q

What do PA grooves 2-4 give rise to?

A

Overgrow each other and give rise to the smooth external appearance of the neck.

50
Q

What does PA1 - Meckel cartilage give rise to?

A
  • Two auditory ossicles
  • provides template for lower jaw
51
Q

Is head mesoderm part of Meckel cartilage?

A

No - it provides the template for upper jaw

52
Q

What does PA2 - Reichert cartilage give rise to?

A

Auditory ossicle, styloid process and lesser cornu of hyoid bone

53
Q

What does PA3 - Arch cartilage give rise to?

A

Body and greater cornu of hyoid bone

54
Q

What does PA 4 and 6- Arch cartilage give rise to?

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages

55
Q

Where are muscular components derived from?

A

Head mesoderm

56
Q

PA1 gives rise to muscles of …

A

mastication

57
Q

PA2 gives rise to muscles of …

A

facial expression

58
Q

PA3 gives rise to muscles of …

A

stylopharyngeus

59
Q

PA 4 and 6 gives rise to muscles of …

A

pharyngeal constrictors and laryngeal musculature

60
Q

Where are cranial nerves derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm (tube and crest cells)

61
Q

What nerve supplies PA1?

A

Trigeminal CN V (5)

62
Q

What nerve supplies PA2?

A

Facial CN VII (7)

63
Q

What nerve supplies PA3?

A

Glossopharyngeal CN IX (9)

64
Q

What nerve supplies PA 4 and 6?

A

Vagus CN X (10)

65
Q

What cranial nerves carry taste and parasympathetics?

A

7, 9, and 10

66
Q

What are the outcomes of signaling events?

A
  • migration
  • proliferation
  • differentiation
  • viability
  • fusion
67
Q

Describe the process of a signaling event in order

A
  1. inductive cells (inducers) release a signal or ligand
  2. ligand binds to a receptor on a competent cell
  3. ligand-receptor interaction triggers and intracellular signal transduction pathway that activates or represses gene transcription
68
Q

Disruption during 0-4 weeks of embryonic development leads to what? - early embryonic period

A

Spontaneous abortion

69
Q

Disruption during 4-8 weeks of embryonic development leads to what? - late embryonic period

A

Critical period of orofacial, primary and secondary tooth defects

Sp24 - Oral Histology and Embryology (7 decks)

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