E. The Habsburg and The Netherlands: Unity and Division Flashcards
- give the origin and the rise of the Habsburg Dynasty.
originated in the 12th and 13th century in Switzerland/Austria (Doc. 1)
through marriages and conquests: key position in Europe in 15th -16th century
furnish practically always the emperor from the 15th until the 19th century
- briefly discuss Charles V biographically.
most powerful emperor
°in Ghent in 1500 (+1558)
- explain the triple legacy of Charles V using a family tree.
Evolution of territories:
Burgundian 1515 (grandmother)
Spanish 1516 : Spain, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia and colonies (Mother)
Habsburg-Austrian (1517, grandfather
- elucidate the way the Netherlands were ruled under Charles (using a graphic representation).
Spain
Germany till Russia
Southern part of Italy and islands
- give reasons for the abdication of Charles V.
Peace of Augsburg
- outline the personality and characteristics of Philip II.
The Netherlands + Spain (also king of Portugal)
raised in Spain, only speaks Spanish and Portuguese
out of touch with the Netherlands
extremely catholic, which leads to conflicts ruled authoritatively from the Escorial near Madrid sent his half-sister Margaret of Parma as regent to the Netherlands, together with bishop (and later cardinal) Antoine Granvelle, a confidant of the king
- give at least three causes for the growing resistance to the policy of Philip II in the Netherlands.
He was in favour of a more severe persecution of the Protestants (Inquisition)
He showed little consideration for the tradition of participating in governing in the Netherlands: high nobility feared losing their old privileges and power
Bishoprics/dioceses were reorganised to increase his influence both in the political and religious domain -> causes great dissatisfaction, mainly in the ranks of the high nobility -> bishops the future had to be qualified theologians
- give and elucidate the different phases of the revolt against Spain.
Phase 1: Protest against church + State (1500)
Compromise of the Nobles
Charles de Berlemont –> Geux –> Beggars
1556 –> Iconoclastic Fury –> The Great Iconoclasm –> Beeldenstorm
Phase 2: Outbreak of revolt (1567-1572)
Margaret of Parma –> Alva –> Council of Blood + Troubles
Fixed tax –> 10% on moveable goods
Counts of Egmont and Hoorn
William of Orange –> 1568 : 1st raid –> 1572 : 2nd raid : Sea beggars
Phase 3: (1573-1576)
Alva –> Requesents
Spanish Fury –> 1576
Nov. 5 1576 : Pacification of Ghent –> group of Clavinists –> would lead to the division of the Netherlands
Phase 4: Radicalisation and division (1576-1788)
formation of small groups of radical Calvinists (tried to get more power, thereby dividing the Netherlands)
- explain the concepts: Iconoclastic Fury, Council of Troubles and Beggars.
Catholic art and many forms of church fittings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or mob actions by Calvinist Protestant crowds as part of the Protestant Reformation. Most of the destruction was of art in churches and public places.
The Council of Troubles was a court with which King Philip II and his governor Alva fought against the rebellious nobles and heresy in the Spanish Netherlands at the beginning of the Eighty Years’ War.
A special tribunal erected by the Duke of Alba to try approximately 12,000 people who had allegedly been engaged in the disturbances of 1566-67
to put an end to the particularism of the Low Countries stemming from their traditional privileges, rights, and customs, which had served as an impediment to absolutist control by Philip II of Spain
a name assumed by the confederacy of Calvinist Dutch nobles, who from 1566 opposed Spanish rule in the Netherlands. The most successful group of them operated at sea, and so were called Watergeuzen (‘Water Beggars’)
- clarify the concepts: Spanish Fury (1576), Pacification of Ghent (1576), Union of Arras (1579) and the Union of Utrecht (1579).
In 1576 they raid Antwerp destroying a quarter of the town and killing about 7000 of the civilian population.
Proclaimed by the provinces on 5 November, 1576, in which they state that the Spanish have to be expelled from the Low Countries by uniting their efforts and they also declare a religious tolerance in our provinces.
(1579) = reconciliation with the king and the new regent Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
(1579) = In this agreement, the provinces joined forces to drive the Spaniards out of the country. They also arranged some political affairs in the field of defence, taxation and religion.
- summarize the content of the ‘Act of Abjuration’ (= Akte van Afzwering, also known as ‘Plakkaat van Verlatinghe’) succinctly.
In the Act of Abjuration (= Akte van Afzwering, also known as the “Plakkaat van Verlatinghe”) they declare they no longer obey Philip II.
- put into perspective the success of the revolt in the Netherlands.
They ran the Spanish out of the Netherlands
- name and explain the biggest political contrast between the northern and the southern Netherlands.
S:
Short period of relative autonomy under Albert and Isabelle
afterwards we were once again authoritatively governed from abroad: 17th century: Spanish Habsburgs 18th century: Austrian Habsburgs
N:
independent state: Republic of United Provinces
large autonomy for the seven regions or provinces
- they take decisions autonomously regarding internal affairs
- in affairs of common interest (colonies, coin, foreign policy, …) a federation with a republic government (1 stad(t)holder (= stadhouder) (the princes of Orange), States General and States Provincial) is established
- discuss the religious contrasts between the Northern and the Southern Netherlands.
S: Once again completely catholic under Spanish influence + no tolerance Result: ten thousands of Protestants, intellectuals, artists + businessmen emigrated to the Republic
N: tolerant towards people with other belief systems - about 50% Calvinists
- give three causes for the economic downturn in the southern Netherlands.
enormous migration to the Republic
temporary closing of the Scheldt + levying of tolls by Zealand: marks end of Antwerp as international port
permanent conflicts
