Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integumentary Mid Term > E-Stim > Flashcards

E-Stim Flashcards

1
Q

What is electricity?

A

is the force created by an imbalance in the # of electrons at 2 points, aka poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is polarity?

A

refers to net charge of an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does a charge travel?

A

by the path of least resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is voltage?

A

the force of attraction or repulsion created by an electric field, greater the force the greater potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the ions in our body?

A

sodium, potassium and chloride. the more ions present the greater electric potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are good conductors of electricity in the body?

A

water, nerves, muscle, body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are not good conductors?

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is current?

A

rate of flow of electricity in response to voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What us Ohm’s Law?

A

Current (I)= voltage/ resistance

more resistance to current the less current or flow there will be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can we decrease resistance of skin?

A

clean area with alcohol swab, heat area if cold, optimal electrode placement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does a smaller or larger electrode have greater current density?

A

smaller area, higher the current density the more intense the effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are three types of e-stim currents?

A
  1. Direct Current (ionto)
  2. Alternating Current (IFC and Russian)
  3. Pulsatile Current (mono or biphasic)- can either be direct or alternating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of current is most commonly used for modalities?

A

pulsed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is direct current?

A

continuous unidirectional flow of charged ions for atleast one second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are important things to remember with DC?

A

it has a known polarity like with ionto

the body is given no break so the pt is at risk for a burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is AC?

A

continuous bi directional flow of ions and must change direction at least one time per second

no polarity as electrons are constantly moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a monophasic pulsed current?

A

interrupted uni directional flow of ions, even though there is a known polarity this setting is usually more comfortable

used a lot for wound care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a biphasic current?

A

interrupted bi directional flow of current, alternating btwn positive and negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are three components or biphasic

A
  1. Symmetrical vs Asymmetrical
  2. Balanced vs Unbalanced
  3. Shape of phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is PC preferred to DC for muscle strengthening?

A

bc of the pulses the muscle is able to contract and relax due to depolarization

DC will only contract muscle once and not repolarize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is pulse duration?

A

time from start to end of all phases of a pulse

stimulus must be long enough for depolarization for ions to change

longer duration tends to decrease comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are three time dependent characteristics?

A

phase and pulse duration and interpulse interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 excitatory phases produced by estim?

A

sensory, motor and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In order to reach motor reaction more comfortably what should PT do?

A

increase phase duration before intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are desired duration levels for each response?

A

20-100 usec- sensory
200-400 motor
400-1000 noxious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a sensory level response to estim?

A

pins and needles feeling due to stimulation of A beta fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a motor level response to estim?

A

muscle tetany to twitch to full muscle contraction

A alpha nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a noxious level response to estim?

A

elicits perception of pain, A delta and C fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the main amplitude characteristic?

A

intensity- measure of magnitude of current or voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which type of wave form is reported as most comfortable?

A

symmetrical biphasic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which waveform is preferred to stimulate large muscle groups?

A

symmetrical biphasic, most like an AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F: All wave forms are capable of reaching peripheral nerves?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which waveform poses least risk for skin reaction?

A

symmetrical biphasic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which wave form is best for wound healing?

A

monophasic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is pulse frequency?

A

number of pulses in a second, defines the quality of muscle response

36
Q

What is desired frequency for Sensory TENS?

A

80-120 pps

37
Q

What is desired frequency for motor tens ?

A

2-4 PPS

38
Q

What is desired frequency for noxious tens?

A

2-4 or 50-150 pps

39
Q

What is desired frequency for muscle re-ed?

A

30-75 pps

40
Q

What are two ways to prevent accommodation?

A

vary frequency- sweep

vary intensity- scan

41
Q

Under cathode or anode will depolarization happen more easily?

A

cathode, this is bc nerve is positively charged on outside and neg. on inside so nerve will be more excitable with cathode and less with anode

42
Q

In what order do nerves depolarize?

A

sensory, motor, pain and muscle fiber

43
Q

What are the three types of pain nerve fibers?

A

A, B, C

44
Q

What are A fibers?

A

large, myelinated, fast condutcing

45
Q

What are a-alpha fibers?

A

for proprioception and somatic (voluntary) motor

46
Q

What are a beta fibers?

A

touch and pressure

47
Q

What are a gamma fibers?

A

motor to muscle spindles

48
Q

What are a delta fibers?

A

pain, temp and touch

49
Q

What are B fibers?

A

small, myleinated, conduct less rapidly

50
Q

What are c fibers?

A

smallest, unmyleinated and slowest

  1. dorsal root- pain, reflex response
  2. sympathetic- post ganglionic sympathetic
51
Q

What type of fiber type is myleinated pain receptors?

A

a delta, felt most with ionto

52
Q

What type of fiber type is unmyleinated pain receptors?

A

c fibers, need hogher intensity and duration

53
Q

What is the pain transmission path?

A

some type of stimulus activates nociceptor

  1. neuron - spinal cord
  2. dorsal horn of spinal cord-ascending spinal thalamic tract
  3. tract to thalamus/sensory cortex
54
Q

What is gait control theory?

A

brain can only receive so many pains signals, therefore to control nerve impulses to brain the worst pain wins

55
Q

What is descending pain control?

A

opiate mediated, natural pain control

endorphins are released to help control pain

prob wont work w/ someone with opioid addiction

56
Q

What are different types of endorphins?

A

short acting- enkephlans

long acting- serotonin, dopamine

57
Q

Why is cardiac pacemaker/ arrhytmias a contraindication for estim?

A

effects ions for cardiac muscle

58
Q

How does placement of pads effect deepness of penetration?

A

further away the two electrodes the farther deeper it goes but will also require greater intensity

59
Q

What are the main uses for estim?

A
  1. muscle strength/activation
  2. muscle retraining (motor control)
  3. pain control
  4. increase circulation
  5. decrease edema
  6. increase tissue healing
60
Q

What is TENS?

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

usually biphasic symmetrical- more comfortable
biphasic asymmetrical- better for accomodation

no polarity

61
Q

What are three types of TENS?

A

sensory, motor, noxious

62
Q

What is sensory tens mostly used for?

A

acute pain management using gait control theory, short acting enkephalins

63
Q

What is motor level tens mostly used for?

A

chronic pain or long lasting relief, produces muscle twitch to help relieve muscle spasms

64
Q

What is noxious tens mostly used for?

A

rarely used but for severe pain, wound debridement and trigger points

short cuts pain loop and brain can only feel this pain

65
Q

What is monophasic pulsed estim used for?

A

pain control, wound healing (great option), edema reduction (muscle pump), muscle facilitation

known polarity, quick so not as much is felt

66
Q

What is BMAC?

A

burst modulated alternating current or russian

burst provides great depolarization

67
Q

What is important for pt to do after russian tx session?

A

do volitional contractions to enhance neuromuscular affect

68
Q

How many reps should pt perform with russian?

A

10? not too many as all muscle fibers fire causing muscle to fatigue faster

69
Q

What is IFC?

A

interferential current, alternating currents of different frequencies that interfere with eachother

70
Q

What is IFC used for?

A

used for pain modulation, acute chronic and muscle spasms

greater depth of penetration and covers large area

71
Q

What are two different types of frequencies with IFC?

A
  1. Carrier- usually at 4000 hz

2. beat- diff of two frequencies

72
Q

What is unique about electrode set up?

A

always use 4 electrodes so 2 currents intersect each other

quadpolar

73
Q

What is a FES?

A

functional estim used for muscle re ed

for functional and purposeful movement

74
Q

What frequency used with FES?

A

20-60 pps to induce contraction but not too hard to decrease fatigue

75
Q

What is NMES?

A

neuromuscular education, used for muscle strengthening through improvement of motor recruitment

76
Q

What are advantages on NMES?

A

symmetrical biphasic so less skin irritation

phase duration, pulse frequency, amplitude and duty cycle can all be manipulated

77
Q

What else is NMES used for?

A

ROM, prevention of joint contracture, prevention of disuse atrophy

can be used when limb immobilized to slow onset of atrophy

might be better than russian for elderly as less intense

78
Q

What are precautions when using NMES?

A

intense or prolonged session can produce soreness

avoid placement over tendon injury as it can pull tendon off bone, avoid where bony attachment is not secure

79
Q

What is important to remember for monopolar set up?

A

there is only one single active electrode, smaller pad is active and has higher current density

80
Q

Why is estim good for wound managment?

A

bc the estim attracts neutrophils, macrophages. lymphocytes

81
Q

For debridement what cells are recruited and what is polarity?

A

macrophages and neutrophils, anode

82
Q

infection?

A

active neutrophils, anode or cathode to attract active neutrophils

83
Q

Granulation?

A

fibroblasts, cathode

84
Q

wound contraction?

A

myofibroblasts, cathode

85
Q

epitheliazation?

A

keritinocytes and epidermal cells, cathode

86
Q

What should we document with estim?

A
  1. type of waveform
  2. waveform parameters
  3. electrode placement, size etc.
  4. patient position
  5. dosage
  6. treatment duration
  7. pain pre and post?

Integumentary Mid Term (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions