Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ther Ex 1 > E stim > Flashcards

E stim Flashcards

1
Q

which body structure is the best electrical conductor?

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which body structure is the poorest conductor?

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which body structures are good conductors?

A

blood
nerve
muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which body structures are poor conductors?

A

skin
fat
tendon
bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is intensity?

A

stimulation or amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is pulse duration?

A

current pulse length
changed to target specific structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is capacitance?

A

the ability of tissue to store electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in what order are neurons stimulated from least capacitance to highest?

A

AB
AD
C
muscle fiber
muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when turning the amplitude up on an e stim unit, what is the order in which nerve are stimulated?

A

AB (tingle feeling - sensory only)
motor
AD (stimulated with chronic pain)
C (dull pain)
denervated muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the pain relieving e stims?

A

IFC
Tens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what frequency does tetany occur at?

A

50 pps (Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the site of depolarization?

A

cathode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the waveform for NMES or FES?

A

pulsed at 1-500 hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the waveform and frequency for Russian currents?

A

pulsatile biphasic
2,000 - 10,000 hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the waveform for interferential currents (IFC)?

A

interfered biphasic continuous
1,000 - 10,000 hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the waveform for high-volt pulsed current?

A

twin-peaked pulsed waveform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the waveform for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)?

A

asymmetric biphasic currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is low-volt current (DC) used for?

A

iontophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is the electrode placed for strengthening e stim?

A

at the motor point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

motor point is where the threshold is the ___ for a given electrical input

A

lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the main uses of high-volt currents?

A

reducing edema
wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

conventional TENS:
____ rate
____ intensity
best for ___ pain
theory?

A

high rate
low intensity (sensory level)
acute
gate control theory (stimulate AB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

acupuncture-like TENS:
____ rate
____ intensity
best for ___ pain
theory?

A

low rate
high intensity (motor level)
chronic
descending pain control theory (release of enkephalin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

noxious-level TENS:
________ analgesia
theory?

A

hyperstimulation
endogenous opiate pain control theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
brief intense TENS: ____ rate ____ intensity best for ___ pain theory?
high rate high intensity fast pain relief during wound debridement peripheral and central analgesia
26
conventional TENS: frequency: duration: time: theory:
frequency: 80-125 pps duration: 70-150 microseconds time: 30mins-few hrs theory: gate control theory
27
low-frequency (acupuncture) TENS: frequency: duration: intensity: duty: time: theory:
frequency: <20 pps duration: 100-600 microseconds intensity: elicit sensory and motor duty: 30s-60s on time: 15-60 mins theory: descending pain control theory
28
noxious level TENS: frequency: duration: duty: time: theory:
frequency: 1-5 pps duration: 100-1000 microsec duty: 30-45 sec off time: until pain no longer perceived theory: endogenous opiate pain control
29
brief intense TENS: frequency: duration: intensity: time: theory:
frequency: 100 pps duration: 100-600 microsec intensity: sustained muscle contraction time: ~15 mins theory: peripheral & central analgesia
30
which e stim is used during wound debridement?
brief intense TENS
31
main uses for IFC
pain control reduce mm spasms
32
which type of e stim uses 4 pads in a diagonal pattern that produces sine waves at different frequencies?
IFC
33
what are some ways/settings that can be used to vary e stim in order to prevent the body from habituating to IFC?
target mode sweep scan
34
contraindications for e stim
pacemaker or auto defibrillator thrombosis or occlusive vascular disease confused and/or disoriented internal stimulator seizure disorder infection open wounds malignancies pregnancy MSK Issue where contraction worsens it high level SC injury
35
where should electrode NOT be placed?
chest or near heart over carotid sinus (C3/C4) over open wound, scars, skin lesions, areas receiving radiation therapy, protruding metal implants
36
electrons are ____ charged
negatively
37
what is an ampere?
indicates the rate
38
what is the current?
net movement of electrons from higher potential to lower potential
39
what is the electromotive force called?
volt
40
what is conductance?
the ease at which current flows along a conducting medium
41
what resists current flow?
insulators
42
what is ohm's law?
the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance (current flow = voltage/resistance)
43
resistance to current flow (amp) is also known as
ohm
44
resistance of electrical flow depends on
the characteristics of the conductor
45
as the frequency goes up, skin impedance does _____
down
46
what are the 3 types of current?
biphasic = AC monophasic = DC pulsatile = PC (ex: EKG)
47
electrons always moves from _____ to ___
negative to positive
48
chemical reactions are balanced when currents are
balanced
49
what type of e stim is AC?
biphasic, TENS, IFC
50
which type of current may be uncomfortable?
DC
51
which type of e stim is DC?
iontophorsis note: monophasic
52
which type of current causes an accumulation of chemicals?
DC (iontophoresis)
53
which type of e stim has a pulsed current?
hi volt Russian *most nerve/muscle stimulating currents
54
what is the accommodation phenomenon?
a fiber has been subjected to a constant level of depolarization will become unexcitable at that same intensity (amplitude)
55
T/F: current usually flows from electrode to electrode.
F flows thru nerves and muscle = path of least resistance
56
the higher the ____ the longer before a response
capacitance
57
capacitance in a tissue can be reduced by increased ______
stimulation frequency
58
an increase in the diameter of the nerve ____ the capacitance
decreased
59
increased intensity is need to stimulate nerve with _____ capacitance
higher
60
pulse applies to _____ current and cycle refers to a ____ current
pulse - monophasic (DC) cycle - biphasic (AC)
61
amplitude is synonymous with
voltage and intensity
62
how can total current increase
increasing pulse duration or pulse frequency
63
what determines the amount of chemical formed with DC?
pulse charge
64
which current always has a pulse charge >0?
monophasic (DC)
65
which current has no pulse charge and is the sum of phase charges?
biphasic
66
symmetric wave has a pulse charge of? asymmetric?
symmetric - 0 asymmetric >0 (monophasic)
67
which is more comfortable for the patient? a fast or slow pulse rise
slow doesn't decrease skin impedance needs more voltage for same flow
68
which duty ratio causes the most muscle fatigue? least?
most = 1:1 least/none: 1:7 (1:5 intermediate)
69
what is pulse duration?
length of time current is flowing in 1 cycle
70
____ determines which tissues are stimulated
phase duration
71
what is frequency?
the number of impulses or cycles produced by electrical stimulating device in 1 sec
72
skin impedance ___ as the inter-electrode distance increases
increases
73
skin impedance ____ as frequency decreases
increases
74
_____ intensity reaches to deeper tissues
higher
75
what is the negative electrode called?
cathode (distal)
76
what is the positive electrode called?
anode (proximal)
77
which electrode must be active to cause muscle contraction?
negative (cathode)
78
chemical effects are caused by which e stim type under what electrode?
hi-volt cathode
79
how far apart should electrodes be placed?
1.5 times the electrode's width
80
81
which has a greater current density? active or dispersed (esp for DC)
active
82
anode has a ____ effect cathode has a ____ effect acidic/basic
anode - acidic cathode - alkaline/basic
83
current carries a ___ charge
negative
84
____ moves in during depolarization ____ moves out during repolarization
NA+ K+
85
what is the rest charge of the cell membrane?
-70 to -90
86
what is the strengthe-duration curvre?
threshold for depolarization of a particular nerve fiber
87
what is rheobase?
the intensity of a current necessary to cause observable tissue RESPONSE
88
what is chronaxie?
duration requires for a current of twice the intensity of rhoebase to produce tissue ECITATION
89
which nerves depolarize first?
large and more superficial
90
T/F: e stim causes stimulation of fibroblasts and osteoblasts
T
91
which nerve fiber are activated for noxious response?
AD and C
92
electrically induced contraction recruits type ___ fibers first
2
93
T/F: GTOs can inhibit with electrically induced muscle contraction
F
94
____ polarity hi volt is used for wound inflammatory phase
negative
95
____ polarity hi volt is used for would proliferative phase
positive
96
uses for Russian current
muscle strengthening muscle re-ed
97
is russian AC or DC?
AC
98
electrode pattern difference between tens and IFC?
IFC crossed TENS up & down patterns
99
electrode pattern difference between premod and IFC?
premod - 2 pads IFC 4 pads
100
for IFC, which mode alters frequency? amplitude?
frequency - sweep amplitude - scan
101
which IFC pattern is good for poorly localized pain?
scan
102
what is the pulse rate and duration for NMES or FES?
pulse rate: 35-55 pps duration: 200-600 microsec
103
how should electrodes be oriented?
parallel to muscle fibers
104
what is the on and off settings for HVPC, med. freq. for retardation of atrophy?
on: 6-15 sec off: 1 min

Ther Ex 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions