E kai ana - hunger, satiety and obesity

Question 1

Peptides, steroids and amino acid derivatives are all classes of what?

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

The ventromedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus and what else make up the main nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

The lateral hypothalamus

Question 3

High glucose, high leptin, PYY, CCK and insulin generate:

Answer 3

Satiety

Question 4

Low glucose, low fatty acids, empty stomach and high ghrelin generate:

Answer 4

Hunger

Question 5

____ is the tendency towards a stable equilibrium:

Answer 5

Homeostasis

Question 6

The theory that the body aims to maintain blood glucose is called:

Answer 6

The glucostatic theory

Question 7

The theory that the body aims to maintain body fat is called:

Answer 7

The lipostatic theory

Question 8

Lesions on the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause ____, which is characterised by “massive eating” followed by obesity:

Answer 8

Hyperphagia

Question 9

Lesions to the lateral hypothalamus can cause ____, which is characterised by a lack of interest in eating:

Answer 9

Aphagia

Question 10

Ghrelin is what type of hormone?

Answer 10

Peptide

Question 11

Levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin rise before eating and fall again afterwards. If ghrelin does not drop and instead remains high after eating, what health issue can occur?

Answer 11

Obesity

(Ghrelin is a signal that the brain is hungry. If ghrelin remains high, the individual is constantly feeling hungry and motivated to eat and can end up obese as a result.)

Question 12

____, which is secreted by the pancreas, is a peptide hormone:

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

Insulin is released in a series of phase: the cephalic (sensory) phase, the digestive phase and the:

Answer 13

Absorptive phase

(the digestive phase occurs when the pancreas responds to the consumption of food by releasing insulin; the absorptive phase occurs when glucose is detected in the blood and stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin.)

Question 14

Which peptide hormone is released when food has been digested, thus resulting in feelings of satiety?

Answer 14

Peptide YY3-36 (PYY)

Question 15

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone released by the small intestine in response to foods with high protein. CCK results in rapid satiety; if a person produces lots of CCK, how are they likely going to feel?

Answer 15

Nauseous

Question 16

CCK is an inhibitor of which hunger hormone?

Answer 16

Ghrelin

Question 17

Which receptor is responsible for the uptake of leptin into the brain (via the choroid plexus)?
a) L-Peptide receptors
b) CCK receptors
c) ObReceptors

Answer 17

c) ObReceptors

Question 18

The orexigenic signal tells us to ____ eating, whereas the anorexigenic signal tells us to ____ eating:

Answer 18

Start
Stop

Question 19

Which cells trigger the activation of orexigenic neurons?

Answer 19

NPY

Question 20

Which cells trigger the activation of anorexigenic neurons?

Answer 20

POMC

Question 21

In addition to promoting feeding behaviours, the hunger hormone ghrelin facilitates which two learning mechanisms in the brain?

Answer 21

LTP
Neurogenesis

Question 22

Name the two dopaminergic pathways, thought to be responsible for rewarding or punishing our hunger states:

Answer 22

Mesolimbic
Mesocortical

Question 23

The ____ pathway starts at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ends at the nuccleus accumbens (NAc):

Answer 23

Mesolimbic

Question 24

The _____ pathway starts at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ends at the prefrontal cortex (PFC):

Answer 24

Mesocortical

Question 25

Which part of the brain processes the salience of a dopamine signal?

Answer 25

Prefrontal cortex

Question 26

____ mediates “wanting”; ____ ____ mediate “liking”:

Answer 26

Dopamine
Hedonic hotspots

Question 27

Name at least two of the neurotransmitters involved in wakefulness/arousal:

Answer 27

Noradrenaline
Serotonin
Histamine
Hypocretin
Dopamine