E Flashcards
What were Charles’ immediate post war decisions?
May 1646: Surrendered
July 1646: Newcastle propositions
Jan 1647: Charles was sold to parliament
May 1647: rejects Newcastle propositions
Summarise the Newcastle propositions?
accepts solemn league and covenant, abolishment of episcopacy, reformation of religion, parliament’s control over armed forces
-> Charles’ modification: militia control for 10 years, more discussion of presbyterianism
Why was there no settlement at the point of 1647? (Charles)
set on the preservation of his friends, his crown and his church, little agreement among the victors of the Civil War on peace terms
What happened in Phase 1 of the army revolt?
parliament attempted to disband NMA as cheaply as possible and send some to Ireland, this led to their politicisation and then the NMA petition
revolt of the rank and file: due to their treatment by parliament
What happened in Phase 2 of the army revolt?
intervention of army officers, them solemn engagement of the army: promised to obey parliament as long as their grievances were met
Who were the levellers?
a radical political movement, part of the NMA who fought for equality before the law, extended suffrage and religious tolerance
Summarise the leveller manifesto?
parliament should be more democratic and represent the common people more, people should be responsible for their practice of religion
How did the levellers impact the NMA?
their reputation was becoming damaged due to the influx of leveller ideas, seen as radical and as “anabaptist”
What was the Engagement?
Charles promising the Scots to impose Presbyterianism on England, and thus the terms of the COvenant so that the Scots support Charles’ fight against the parliament
What was the Vote on No Addresses?
Forbade negotiations with the King, and declared that the Houses would not accept further messages from him - perhaps threatened by Cromwell - whole thing due to the Engagement
Cromwell warned the Commons of the army
What was the Windsor Prayer meeting?
Crucial shift in army’s perspective, Charles was seen as the “man of blood”, betrayal of God, led to the suffering of many of his subjects, belief that Charles was seeking to overturn God’s verdict in the First Civil War = sacrilege
What were some causes of the Second Civil War?
- people’s grievances were an indictment of parliament’s failure to solve any of the problems of the first civil war: high taxes, traditional government
- outburts of public disorder
- the engagement
What happened during the Second Civil War?
1) Royalist uprising in South Wales - May and June
2) Major rebellion in Kent and Essex (parliamentary) - due to taxes
3) Defeat of Scottish Invasion in Preston - July-Aug
Why did the parliament win the Second Civil War?
lack of coordination (different reasons of rebellion), lack of unity of aims, strength of NMA
What was the Newport Treaty?
following SCW, Charles made some concessions on some things but not on others: very variable. against the Vote of No Addresses
What was the Army Remonstrance?
Nov 1648: House of Commons provoked NMA< voiced their views on the parliament’s betrayal
What were some reasons for Pride’s Purge?
exasperation at parliament’s lack of resolve, act of desperation, driven by the religious beliefs of the army
What was Pride’s Purge?
led by Colonel Pride, army arrested 45 MPs, violation of parliamentary privileges, reduced parliament to 150 members who were willing to cooperate with the army
What were some justifications for Charles’ trial?
Millenarism, Charles as Anti-Christ, blood of Charles’ subjects washed away his holiness, treason & tyranny
What did they charge Charles with?
“A tyrant, traitor, murdered and public enemy to the good people of this nation, shall be put to death”
What was an issue with Charles’ execution?
parliament had no vision in the future without the King, the justification wasn’t based on rationality and law but rather due to religion
Why did the levellers emerge and why were conservatives worried?
Emerged due to religion -> led to challenging society and developing new political ideas
Conservatives were worried due to the radical levellers movement in London in 1646 and the strength of the radical ideas of the NMA
What petition did the parliament ignored, and who and how did the levellers get support from?
parliament ignored ‘A Remonstrance of many thousand citizens’
so levellers got support from the army, and put forward the ‘Case if the army truly stated’ and the ‘agreement of the people’, which led to the Putney debates
What were Cromwell’s beliefs
religiously radical but politically conservative, believed in hierarchy and societal order and feared anarchy
