D Flashcards
When was the Short Parliament held?
between the First and Second Bishops War
Why was the Short Parliament called?
because the needed money to wage the Second Bishops War
Why did Charles dissolve the Short Parliament and why was this a mistake?
when the topic of religion came up (demanded that parliament vote taxes before he considers their grievances) -> missed a chance to get some MPs behind him
What were the 1640 Canons?
clergy were required to swear an oath asserting their support fro the 39 articles, the Prayer Book. this shifted the ideology of salvation away from Holy Scripture towards the Bishops (asserted the King’s authority)
What were the May Riots?
apprentices gathered at Lambeth house, threatening Laud while armed with clubs - as a response for the dissolution of the short parliament
What were some acts that were passed in the Long Parliament, dismantling the Personal rule?
- Triennial Act - new parliament would have to be held every 3 years
- Tonnage and Poundage Act - declared levying to be illegal
- Bishops Exclusion Act - would remove Bishops from the House of Lords
- Ship Money Act - outlawed ship money
What was the Irish revolt?
news of atrocities committed by Irish Catholics against Protestants - 100 protestants forced into the river Baun, settlers fled Ireland and exaggerated figures of Protestant victims
Effect of the Irish Revolt on England?
pushed rift between Commons and Lords, Puritans in Parliament were undermined by their success, distrust towards Charles (rebels acting in his name)
How was Stratford executed?
Impeachment Trial - > Bill of Attrainder -> Army plot (large mistake on Charles’ part) -> Charles signs his execution
What was the Great Remonstrance?
document that reviewed Charles’ entire reign as well as a list of demands such as, parliament to control the King’s ministers, Bishops and Catholic peers to be excluded from the House of Lords, root and branch reform
Why was it possible to pass the Grand Remonstrance?
due to the opportunity given by the Irish Rebellion
What were the consequences of the Grand Remonstrance?
published to the public -> which polarised public opinion
also, Charles attempted to arrest Pym and his colleagues in the House of Commons, but they left when he arrived -> thus he went against the privileges of the Parliament
What was the Militia Ordinance?
Parliament claimed the authority to issue laws without the King’s approval -> both parties raised armies + sporadic fighting
What were the 19 Propositions?
a declaration of Parliament’s war aims, including Parliament to control appointments to the Privy Council, Anti-Catholic laws strictly reinforced, control over King’s children
When does the Parliament and the King raise an army?
12th July and 22nd of August
What is Neutralism?
the determination of a community to keep the civil war out of their town/county.
passive = no active choice, side with occupier with less damage
active = form a third army - guerilla style
What were the causes of neutralism?
lack of knowledge, fear of destruction and casualties
What was the extent of Neutralism?
22 counties signed the neutrality pacts, 10000 gentry took no sides (compared to 4000 on each side)
What were the reasons for supporting the King?
fear of disruption of social order, reform not abolition (episcopacy), authority of the position of the king (divine right), favours/patronage
What were the reasons for supporting the Parliament?
anti-Catholicism, anti Fen-drainage and Popish soap, land ownership, favours/patronage
Resources of the Parliament?
food, clothing and equipment, artillery sites, access to London (wealthy, armoury, recruitment), control of main ports, iron & cloth (uniform), good agricultural land
Resources of the King?
less food due to less good agricultural land, clothing and equipment, artillery sites, clothing -> used resources well
What were the Parliamentary Ordinances?
Assessment Ordinance - weekly assessments imposing a specific amount of tax
Sequestration Ordinance: everyone worth £10 a year from land + £100 a year in good to lend 1/5 of revenue to the parliament, Impressment Ordinance: conscription
What was the first turning point of the ECW?
Battle of Turnham Green (Nov 1642)
- Charles’ first strategic mistake and thus P. succeeds in blocking Charles from London
What was the second turning point of the ECW?
The Siege of Gloucester (Summer 1643)
- Charles opened his Parliament in Oxford
- Charles decided to abandon Gloucester
What was the third turning point of the ECW?
The Solemn League and Covenant (January 1644)
- signing Covenant gave P. 20K Scottish troops
- division of P
- victory for P over Marston Moor (control of N. England)
What was the fourth turning point of the ECW?
Creation of the NMA and self-denying ordinance
Why did Charles lose the war?
Alliances (Irish vs Scottish), lack of political skill in comparison to Pym and Cromwell, disadvantage in terms of resources
What were the Independents and what did they stand for?
‘War Party’, wanted to win the war (promotion based on skill and liberty of conscience)
Pym and Hampden
What were the Presbyterians and what did they stand for?
‘Peace Party’, wanted to end the war through negotiations (promotion based on status, national Presbyterian church)
Manchester and Essex
What was the Self-Denying Ordinance?
All members of the parliament that were officers in the army or navy were required to resign from one or the other
Describe the NMA?
220K men, funded by monthly assessment (generously financed), many soldiers were zealous evangelists, godliness promoted, harsh code of discipline
