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Question 1

When was the Short Parliament held?

Answer 1

between the First and Second Bishops War

Question 2

Why was the Short Parliament called?

Answer 2

because the needed money to wage the Second Bishops War

Question 3

Why did Charles dissolve the Short Parliament and why was this a mistake?

Answer 3

when the topic of religion came up (demanded that parliament vote taxes before he considers their grievances) -> missed a chance to get some MPs behind him

Question 4

What were the 1640 Canons?

Answer 4

clergy were required to swear an oath asserting their support fro the 39 articles, the Prayer Book. this shifted the ideology of salvation away from Holy Scripture towards the Bishops (asserted the King’s authority)

Question 5

What were the May Riots?

Answer 5

apprentices gathered at Lambeth house, threatening Laud while armed with clubs - as a response for the dissolution of the short parliament

Question 6

What were some acts that were passed in the Long Parliament, dismantling the Personal rule?

Answer 6

• Triennial Act - new parliament would have to be held every 3 years
• Tonnage and Poundage Act - declared levying to be illegal
• Bishops Exclusion Act - would remove Bishops from the House of Lords
• Ship Money Act - outlawed ship money

Question 7

What was the Irish revolt?

Answer 7

news of atrocities committed by Irish Catholics against Protestants - 100 protestants forced into the river Baun, settlers fled Ireland and exaggerated figures of Protestant victims

Question 8

Effect of the Irish Revolt on England?

Answer 8

pushed rift between Commons and Lords, Puritans in Parliament were undermined by their success, distrust towards Charles (rebels acting in his name)

Question 9

How was Stratford executed?

Answer 9

Impeachment Trial - > Bill of Attrainder -> Army plot (large mistake on Charles’ part) -> Charles signs his execution

Question 10

What was the Great Remonstrance?

Answer 10

document that reviewed Charles’ entire reign as well as a list of demands such as, parliament to control the King’s ministers, Bishops and Catholic peers to be excluded from the House of Lords, root and branch reform

Question 11

Why was it possible to pass the Grand Remonstrance?

Answer 11

due to the opportunity given by the Irish Rebellion

Question 12

What were the consequences of the Grand Remonstrance?

Answer 12

published to the public -> which polarised public opinion
also, Charles attempted to arrest Pym and his colleagues in the House of Commons, but they left when he arrived -> thus he went against the privileges of the Parliament

Question 13

What was the Militia Ordinance?

Answer 13

Parliament claimed the authority to issue laws without the King’s approval -> both parties raised armies + sporadic fighting

Question 14

What were the 19 Propositions?

Answer 14

a declaration of Parliament’s war aims, including Parliament to control appointments to the Privy Council, Anti-Catholic laws strictly reinforced, control over King’s children

Question 15

When does the Parliament and the King raise an army?

Answer 15

12th July and 22nd of August

Question 16

What is Neutralism?

Answer 16

the determination of a community to keep the civil war out of their town/county.
passive = no active choice, side with occupier with less damage
active = form a third army - guerilla style

Question 17

What were the causes of neutralism?

Answer 17

lack of knowledge, fear of destruction and casualties

Question 18

What was the extent of Neutralism?

Answer 18

22 counties signed the neutrality pacts, 10000 gentry took no sides (compared to 4000 on each side)

Question 19

What were the reasons for supporting the King?

Answer 19

fear of disruption of social order, reform not abolition (episcopacy), authority of the position of the king (divine right), favours/patronage

Question 20

What were the reasons for supporting the Parliament?

Answer 20

anti-Catholicism, anti Fen-drainage and Popish soap, land ownership, favours/patronage

Question 21

Resources of the Parliament?

Answer 21

food, clothing and equipment, artillery sites, access to London (wealthy, armoury, recruitment), control of main ports, iron & cloth (uniform), good agricultural land

Question 22

Resources of the King?

Answer 22

less food due to less good agricultural land, clothing and equipment, artillery sites, clothing -> used resources well

Question 23

What were the Parliamentary Ordinances?

Answer 23

Assessment Ordinance - weekly assessments imposing a specific amount of tax
Sequestration Ordinance: everyone worth £10 a year from land + £100 a year in good to lend 1/5 of revenue to the parliament, Impressment Ordinance: conscription

Question 24

What was the first turning point of the ECW?

Answer 24

Battle of Turnham Green (Nov 1642)
- Charles’ first strategic mistake and thus P. succeeds in blocking Charles from London

Question 25

What was the second turning point of the ECW?

Answer 25

The Siege of Gloucester (Summer 1643)
- Charles opened his Parliament in Oxford
- Charles decided to abandon Gloucester

Question 26

What was the third turning point of the ECW?

Answer 26

The Solemn League and Covenant (January 1644)
- signing Covenant gave P. 20K Scottish troops
- division of P
- victory for P over Marston Moor (control of N. England)

Question 27

What was the fourth turning point of the ECW?

Answer 27

Creation of the NMA and self-denying ordinance

Question 28

Why did Charles lose the war?

Answer 28

Alliances (Irish vs Scottish), lack of political skill in comparison to Pym and Cromwell, disadvantage in terms of resources

Question 29

What were the Independents and what did they stand for?

Answer 29

‘War Party’, wanted to win the war (promotion based on skill and liberty of conscience)
Pym and Hampden

Question 30

What were the Presbyterians and what did they stand for?

Answer 30

‘Peace Party’, wanted to end the war through negotiations (promotion based on status, national Presbyterian church)
Manchester and Essex

Question 31

What was the Self-Denying Ordinance?

Answer 31

All members of the parliament that were officers in the army or navy were required to resign from one or the other

Question 32

Describe the NMA?

Answer 32

220K men, funded by monthly assessment (generously financed), many soldiers were zealous evangelists, godliness promoted, harsh code of discipline