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Question 1

What did James I hope for in England?

Answer 1

a richer, a more prosperous and developed country

Question 2

What was the reality of England?

Answer 2

sustained population increase, inflation, growth of gentry, reformation, war with Spain, shortage of money

Question 3

What was the problem of multiple kingdoms?

Answer 3

differences in economic, social and legal traditions, hostility, rise of racial antagonism

Question 4

What was the problem of finance?

Answer 4

inflation, lack of financials of the Crown, source of funds decreasing

Question 5

What was the problem of religion?

Answer 5

insecure future of Protestantism, Elizabeth blocked any potential reforms

Question 6

What was the problem of James’ reputation?

Answer 6

projected a poor image, financial extravagance, his court was seen as corrupt, many scandals with the people close to him

Question 7

What were the sources of James’ income?

Answer 7

crown lands, wardship, livery, purveyance, new impositions and taxes

Question 8

What were the main things James spent money on?

Answer 8

pension receivers increased, gifts and favours to favourites, expenses as a young family, expectations of extravagance

Question 9

Specific examples of James’ gift to his favourites?

Answer 9

£200K to 11 friends in Scotland, Buckingham trip to Spain cost £50K

Question 10

How much did expenditure increase between 1603 and 1610?

Answer 10

£26000

Question 11

What financial problems did Elizabeth leave?

Answer 11

debt of £420K (but £300K collected from subsidies and £120K from loans), structural problems: bad system of collection and loss of estates

Question 12

What was the Great Contract?

Answer 12

Salisbury’s suggestion that parliament should pay off Royal Debts (£600K) and give James £200K a year - for concessions over wardship and end of purveyance

Question 13

Why did the Great Contract fail?

Answer 13

Parliament was ignorant over underlying financial issues - blinded by James’ extravagance and reputation, James was irritated and impatient

Question 14

What were some of Cecil’s financial reforms?

Answer 14

Book of Bounty, plan to restrict James’ freedom to sell Crown lands (most valuable lands placed in legal device known as entail), New Book of Rates, right to collect duties was sold to a group of financiers

Question 15

What were some of the financial reforms in 1612-18?

Answer 15

finances managed by commissioners, Cokayne project, money was made by James granting monopolies

Question 15

What were some of Cranfield’s financial reforms?

Answer 15

reissued Book of Bounty, brought ordinary expenditure in line with income, minor economies (to reduce wasteful practices and unnecessary spending), cut military expenditure and pensions

Question 16

What was the Millenary petition?

Answer 16

a petition signed by 1000 puritans regarding the removal of some things at Church services - bowing at the name of Jesus, use of a ring in marriage, etc…

Question 17

What were the aftermaths of the Hampton Court Conference?

Answer 17

creation of the King James bible, every parish had a preaching minister and importance of Church hierarchy stressed (39 articles)

Question 18

What was the Gunpowder plot and what were its consequences?

Answer 18

a Catholic plot to blow up the parliament -> recusancy laws were tightened and Catholics had to take an Oath of Allegiance - but didn’t intensify much in practice

Question 19

What were some other plots by Catholics?

Answer 19

Bye Plot (to kidnap James and force greater tolerance) and Main Plot (replace James with Arabella Stuart)

Question 20

What were some measures to please Catholics?

Answer 20

the Spanish Matches, Charles’ marriage to a French heir

Question 21

What were some measures put in place to please both extremes?

Answer 21

Book of Sports - some activities allowed on Sunday if attendance to protestant service (eg: Maypole dancing)
Appointment of both Puritan and Catholic Bishops of Canterbury

Question 22

When did Arminians grow and what effect did they have?

Answer 22

1615 - stylistically align with Catholics, angered protestants

Question 23

What did James call himself and why? (Foreign Policy)

Answer 23

Rex Pacificus - preference for diplomatic negotiations over war, reactive over proactive foreign policy

Question 24

When was the Pro-Protestant phase of James’ foreign policy?

Answer 24

1609-1614

Question 25

What did James’ Pro-Protestant phase of foreign policy entail?

Answer 25

settled a war between Sweden & Denmark, married his daughter to the protestant Frederick V of Palatinate, diplomatically resolved Julich-Cleves dispute - BUT peace with Spain + refused to help protestant Dutch breakaway

Question 26

When was the Thirty Years War phase foreign policy?

Answer 26

1618-48

Question 27

What happened during the Thirty Years War?

Answer 27

Frederick was offered crown of Bohemia in 1619 and accepted it, but Ferdinand (roman emperor who ruled Bohemia) invaded Bohemia and defeated Frederick (Battle of the White Mountain)

Question 28

When were the two Spanish Matches?

Answer 28

1614 and 1621-23

Question 29

What happened during the Spanish Match of 1614?

Answer 29

Charles to Infanta Maria to build a better relationship, Count of Gondomar was on board, but Parliament didn’t agree to terms of marriage (children being Catholic)

Question 30

What happened during the Spanish Match of 1621-23?

Answer 30

to avoid religious war + lessen effect of Thirty Year War, resuming first Spanish Match, journey to Madrid in 1623, but many conditions such as open Catholic chapel + toleration, failed due to overestimation of Spanish influence + Parliament

Question 31

How much did Catholic population grow by during James’ reign?

Answer 31

1% ish

Question 32

What are some consequences of James’ foreign policy?

Answer 32

diplomacy - better relations with Spain + increased Allies, anti-Catholicism, Royal Prerogative enhanced

Question 33

What happened at Goodwin v Fortescue 1604?

Answer 33

dispute over election results because the winner was outlawed for not paying his debts -> James’ compromise meant that he accepted that judging disputes to be parliament’s role

Question 34

What was the issue with impositions (Bates’ case)?

Answer 34

questions whether the Crown could impose extra duties on goods, Bates refused to pay so new set of impositions, but Parliament objected

Question 35

What else did the Parliament and James disagree on?

Answer 35

purveyance (as corrupt), wardship (royal prerogative), James’ finances, religion (parliament = protestant), foreign policy

Question 36

What are some clear sources of evidence of their deteriorating relations?

Answer 36

1604 Apology -> 1621 Protestation (demanding and confrontational)

Question 37

What parliaments did James hold?

Answer 37

1604-1610, 1614, 1621