B Flashcards
What did James I hope for in England?
a richer, a more prosperous and developed country
What was the reality of England?
sustained population increase, inflation, growth of gentry, reformation, war with Spain, shortage of money
What was the problem of multiple kingdoms?
differences in economic, social and legal traditions, hostility, rise of racial antagonism
What was the problem of finance?
inflation, lack of financials of the Crown, source of funds decreasing
What was the problem of religion?
insecure future of Protestantism, Elizabeth blocked any potential reforms
What was the problem of James’ reputation?
projected a poor image, financial extravagance, his court was seen as corrupt, many scandals with the people close to him
What were the sources of James’ income?
crown lands, wardship, livery, purveyance, new impositions and taxes
What were the main things James spent money on?
pension receivers increased, gifts and favours to favourites, expenses as a young family, expectations of extravagance
Specific examples of James’ gift to his favourites?
£200K to 11 friends in Scotland, Buckingham trip to Spain cost £50K
How much did expenditure increase between 1603 and 1610?
£26000
What financial problems did Elizabeth leave?
debt of £420K (but £300K collected from subsidies and £120K from loans), structural problems: bad system of collection and loss of estates
What was the Great Contract?
Salisbury’s suggestion that parliament should pay off Royal Debts (£600K) and give James £200K a year - for concessions over wardship and end of purveyance
Why did the Great Contract fail?
Parliament was ignorant over underlying financial issues - blinded by James’ extravagance and reputation, James was irritated and impatient
What were some of Cecil’s financial reforms?
Book of Bounty, plan to restrict James’ freedom to sell Crown lands (most valuable lands placed in legal device known as entail), New Book of Rates, right to collect duties was sold to a group of financiers
What were some of the financial reforms in 1612-18?
finances managed by commissioners, Cokayne project, money was made by James granting monopolies
What were some of Cranfield’s financial reforms?
reissued Book of Bounty, brought ordinary expenditure in line with income, minor economies (to reduce wasteful practices and unnecessary spending), cut military expenditure and pensions
What was the Millenary petition?
a petition signed by 1000 puritans regarding the removal of some things at Church services - bowing at the name of Jesus, use of a ring in marriage, etc…
What were the aftermaths of the Hampton Court Conference?
creation of the King James bible, every parish had a preaching minister and importance of Church hierarchy stressed (39 articles)
What was the Gunpowder plot and what were its consequences?
a Catholic plot to blow up the parliament -> recusancy laws were tightened and Catholics had to take an Oath of Allegiance - but didn’t intensify much in practice
What were some other plots by Catholics?
Bye Plot (to kidnap James and force greater tolerance) and Main Plot (replace James with Arabella Stuart)
What were some measures to please Catholics?
the Spanish Matches, Charles’ marriage to a French heir
What were some measures put in place to please both extremes?
Book of Sports - some activities allowed on Sunday if attendance to protestant service (eg: Maypole dancing)
Appointment of both Puritan and Catholic Bishops of Canterbury
When did Arminians grow and what effect did they have?
1615 - stylistically align with Catholics, angered protestants
What did James call himself and why? (Foreign Policy)
Rex Pacificus - preference for diplomatic negotiations over war, reactive over proactive foreign policy
When was the Pro-Protestant phase of James’ foreign policy?
1609-1614
What did James’ Pro-Protestant phase of foreign policy entail?
settled a war between Sweden & Denmark, married his daughter to the protestant Frederick V of Palatinate, diplomatically resolved Julich-Cleves dispute - BUT peace with Spain + refused to help protestant Dutch breakaway
When was the Thirty Years War phase foreign policy?
1618-48
What happened during the Thirty Years War?
Frederick was offered crown of Bohemia in 1619 and accepted it, but Ferdinand (roman emperor who ruled Bohemia) invaded Bohemia and defeated Frederick (Battle of the White Mountain)
When were the two Spanish Matches?
1614 and 1621-23
What happened during the Spanish Match of 1614?
Charles to Infanta Maria to build a better relationship, Count of Gondomar was on board, but Parliament didn’t agree to terms of marriage (children being Catholic)
What happened during the Spanish Match of 1621-23?
to avoid religious war + lessen effect of Thirty Year War, resuming first Spanish Match, journey to Madrid in 1623, but many conditions such as open Catholic chapel + toleration, failed due to overestimation of Spanish influence + Parliament
How much did Catholic population grow by during James’ reign?
1% ish
What are some consequences of James’ foreign policy?
diplomacy - better relations with Spain + increased Allies, anti-Catholicism, Royal Prerogative enhanced
What happened at Goodwin v Fortescue 1604?
dispute over election results because the winner was outlawed for not paying his debts -> James’ compromise meant that he accepted that judging disputes to be parliament’s role
What was the issue with impositions (Bates’ case)?
questions whether the Crown could impose extra duties on goods, Bates refused to pay so new set of impositions, but Parliament objected
What else did the Parliament and James disagree on?
purveyance (as corrupt), wardship (royal prerogative), James’ finances, religion (parliament = protestant), foreign policy
What are some clear sources of evidence of their deteriorating relations?
1604 Apology -> 1621 Protestation (demanding and confrontational)
What parliaments did James hold?
1604-1610, 1614, 1621
